tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48737297659512071882024-02-19T02:07:49.127-08:00Languages!Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.comBlogger252125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-1507351211693632082022-11-14T19:11:00.003-08:002022-11-14T19:11:54.393-08:00Les Langues protestent<p> </p><p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Après 40 jours de
manifestations en Iran, le reste du monde commence à en ressentir son effet et son puissant message. Pendant tout ce temps, 3 mots
simples se sont répandus par tout le monde en cassant des barrières
géographiques, barrières culturelles et, évidemment, les barrières
de la langue. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Il n’importe pas quelle
langue tu parles, tu as certainement écouté ces 3 mots : </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>Zan, Zendegi, Azadi</b></i>
<span style="color: black;"> ( </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="color: black;">زن</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">زندگی</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">آزادی
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">) en persan ; </span><span style="color: black;"><i><b>Jin, Jiyan, Azadî</b></i></span><span style="color: black;">
en Kurmanji, ou en Sorani nous avons </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="color: black;">ژن</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">ژیان</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">ئازادی
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">qu'en français, nous comprenons</span><span style="color: black;"> comme la devise populaire : </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Femme,
vie, liberté. </b></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Mais ce
slogan </span><span style="color: black;">atteint </span><span style="color: black;">d’a</span><span style="color: black;">utres
</span><span style="color: black;">langues. Si parles espagnol, tu as
</span><span style="color: black;">sûrement</span><span style="color: black;">
entendu : </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="es-VE">Mujer,
vida, libertad</span></span><span style="color: black;">. En anglais on
utilise les mots : Woman, life, freedom. En Italie on peut voir
l</span><span style="color: black;">a</span><span style="color: black;"> même
</span><span style="color: black;">p</span><span style="color: black;">an</span><span style="color: black;">ca</span><span style="color: black;">r</span><span style="color: black;">te</span><span style="color: black;">
qui contient les mots : Donna, vita, libertà. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">En arabe
nous avons </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">لمرأة،
الحياة، الحرية </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">.
En Israël, la communauté iranienne pour sa protestation ont utilisé
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">אישה</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">חיים</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">חירות
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">; Les
langues moins communes ont aussi leurs devises. La Communauté kurde
au Pays Basque (Espagne) a utilisé : Emakumea, bizitza,
askatasuna. En hongrois ils ont traduit comme Nő, élet, szabadság.
En Suède on a préparé des pancartes en utilisant la devise Kvinna,
liv, frihet. n Géorgie, les moyens de communication ont reflété
cette phrase : ქალი, ცხოვრება, თავისუფლება
(<i>Kali, Tzkhovreba, Tavisupleba</i>). Pour des raisons que je ne
vais pas ici expliquer, les Ukrainiens se sont aussi intéressés
dans ces protestations, et la manière dans laquelle ils ont traduit
ces mots a été : Жінка, життя, свобода (<i>Zhinka,
Zhyttja, Svoboda</i>).</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Très
peu de <span lang="en-CA">g</span>ens savent que <a href="https://www.languageonthemove.com/women-life-freedom-the-slogan-swimming-against-the-global-tide/" target="_blank">ce slogan </a>n’est
pas nouveau. Il a été utilisé pendant plus de 20 années et est
étroitement associé au Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan, aussi
connu par ses sigles PKK (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê, ou
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN">پارتیکرێکارانیکوردستان
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">), une
guérilla socialiste qui opère dans les régions kurdes de l'Iraq,
en Iran, la Turquie et la Syrie. Mahsa Amini, dont le meurtre a déclenché les protestations
iraniennes, elle-même était kurde et résidente d’une zone kurde.
</span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">À mon
avis, pour la première fois que je rappelle, un slogan traduit dans
différentes langues avait produit un tel impact. 3 mots simples,
faciles de comprendre et de traduire, et maintenant propriété de
ceux qui veulent être unis aux protestations iraniennes, n’importe
pas leur origine ethnique ou nationale.
</p>
<p lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="fr-CA">Selon
</span><span lang="fr-CA">moi, l’une des raisons pour </span><span lang="fr-CA">les</span><span lang="fr-CA">qu</span><span lang="fr-CA">elles
</span><span lang="fr-CA">la traduction ét</span><span lang="fr-CA">ait
</span><span lang="fr-CA">remarquable est </span><span lang="fr-CA">liée
à </span><span lang="fr-CA">l’utilisation de deux langues </span><span lang="fr-CA">au
début des manifestations : </span><span lang="fr-CA">le pers</span><span lang="fr-CA">an
</span><span lang="fr-CA">et le kurde. </span>
</p>
<p lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">L’humanité
sera confrontée à encore plus de défis. Nous verrons chaque fois
plus l’utilisation de slogans simples qu'ils peuvent facilement
être compris, non seulement pour attirer l'attention du reste du
monde, mais pour les inviter à participer.</span></p>
<p lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">Le
seul problème qu<span lang="en-CA">e je</span> trouve, s’ils
veulent que le reste du monde les écoute, c’est que beaucoup de
vidéos et d’histoires d'Iran, ne sont pas traduites. Cela limite
le public qui peut les comprendre et savoir ce qu’ils vivent. Même
pour moi, qui parle persan, je me trouve souvent incapable de
comprendre le contexte de certains d’entre eux. Mais les courageux
iraniens ont été capables de gagner la sympathie du reste du monde.
</span>
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-80500159629968277442022-11-11T20:54:00.002-08:002022-11-13T20:25:51.879-08:00Los Idiomas salen a protestar<p> </p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Después de 40 días de protestas en Irán, el resto del mundo está
empezando a sentir sus efectos y su poderoso mensaje. Durante todo
este tiempo, 3 palabras simples se han extendido por todo el mundo,
rompiendo barreras geográficas, barreras culturales y, por supuesto,
las barreras del idioma.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">No importa qué
idioma hables, ciertamente has escuchado esas 3 palabras:</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><i> Zan, Zendegi, Azadi
</i></b> ( <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">زن، زندگی،
آزادی </span></span>) en persa; <b><i>Jin, Jiyan, Azadî</i></b> en
Kurmanji, o en Sorani tenemos <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">ژن،
ژیان، ئازادی </span></span>que en<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">español </span>entendemos como el<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">popular</span><span lang="es-VE"> </span>lema:
<b>Mujer, vida, libertad</b>.
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Pero este eslogan ha
llegado a muchos más idiomas. Si hablas francés, <span lang="es-VE">de
seguro </span>has oído : femme, vie, liberté . En <span lang="es-VE">inglés
se utilizan las </span>palabras: <span lang="en-CA">Woman, life,
Freedom</span>. En Italia se puede ver el mismo banner que contiene
las palabras: Donna, vita, libertà .</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">En árabe tenemos
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">المرأة، الحياة،
الحرية </span></span>. En Israel, la comunidad iraní para su
protesta usaron <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">אשה</span></span>,
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">חיים</span></span>,
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">חירות </span></span>(<i>Isha,
Jayim, Jerut</i>); Los idiomas menos comunes también <span lang="es-VE">t</span><span lang="es-VE">ienen
</span>sus lemas. La comunidad kurda en el País Vasco (España)
utilizó: Emakumea, bizitza, askatasuna . En húngaro tradujeron
como Nő, élet, szabadság . En Suecia <span lang="es-VE">se
</span>prepararon pancartas usando el lema Kvinna, liv, frihet . En
Georgia, los medios de comunicación reflejaron esta frase: ქალი,
ცხოვრება, თავისუფლება (<i>Kali,
Tsjovreba, Tavisupleba</i>). Por razones que no voy a explicar aquí,
los ucranianos también se interesaron mucho en esas protestas, y la
forma en que tradujeron esas palabras fue: Жінка, життя,
свобода (<i>Zhinka, Zhyttya, Svoboda</i>).
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Muy pocas personas
saben que este <a href="https://www.languageonthemove.com/women-life-freedom-the-slogan-swimming-against-the-global-tide/" target="_blank">eslogan no es nuevo</a>. Se ha utilizado durante más de
20 años y está estrechamente asociado al Partido de los
Trabajadores del Kurdistán, también conocido por sus siglas PKK
( Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê , o <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">پارتی
کرێکارانی کوردستان</span></span>), una guerrilla
socialista que opera en áreas kurdas de Irak, Irán, Turquía y
Siria. Mahsa Amini, <span lang="es-VE">cuy</span><span lang="es-VE">a
muerte</span><span lang="en-CA"> </span> desencadenó las protestas<span lang="en-CA">
</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="en-CA">n </span><span lang="es-VE">Irán,
</span>ella misma era kurda y residente de una zona prominente kurda.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">En mi opinión, <span lang="es-VE">y
según lo </span><span lang="es-VE">p</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">r</span><span lang="es-VE">cibo,
es la primera vez que </span>un eslogan traducido a tantos idiomas
diferentes había generado tal impacto <span lang="es-VE">en el modo
de percibir una protesta</span>. 3 palabras simples, fáciles de
entender y traducir, y <span lang="es-VE">que </span>ahora <span lang="es-VE">pueden
ser usadas </span><span lang="es-VE">p</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">r
</span>aquellos que quieren unirse a las protestas iraníes,
independientemente de su origen étnico o nacional. Tres palabras
simples que<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">se pueden
adoptar para otras causas, como la </span>lucha por los derechos de
las mujeres en lugares donde todavía enfrentan discriminación.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Pienso
que una de las razones por las cuales la Traducción ha tenido un
papel tan relevante, al contrario de otras protestas a nivel mundial
(Por ejemplo la de <span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Black Lives Matter</b></i></span>,
prácticamente la gente ha usado este mismo eslogan sin importar si
hablan o no inglés, y la traducción del mismo tuvo un papel muy
secundario y más bien educativo) tiene que ver con el uso de dos idiomas al inicio de las protestas, en las cuales
prácticamente el persa y el kurdo se usaron simultáneamente, algo
que pocas veces se ve.
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">La humanidad aún
enfrentará más desafíos. Veremos cada vez más el uso de eslóganes
simples que se pueden entender fácilmente, no solo para captar la
atención del resto del mundo, sino para invitarlos a participar.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">El único problema
que encuentro, si quieren que el resto del mundo los escuche, <span lang="en-CA">es
</span>que muchos videos e historias provenientes de Irán, siguen
sin traducirse. Esto limita la audiencia que puede entenderlos y
saber lo que está pasando. Incluso para mí, que hablo persa,
encuentro muchas veces incapaz de entender el contexto de algunos de
ellos. Pero los valientes iraníes han sido capaces de captar la
simpatía del resto del mundo. Por lo que sea por lo que estén
luchando, eventualmente ganarán el apoyo del resto del mundo.</p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-10251467293315171832022-11-08T20:20:00.001-08:002022-11-11T20:47:56.795-08:00Languages Coming out to Protest<p> </p><p align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">After
40 days of protests in Iran, the rest of the world is starting to
feel its effects and its powerful message. During all this time, 3
simple words have spread <span lang="en-CA">throughout</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>the world breaking Geographical barriers, cultural barriers
and off course, language barriers. No matter what language do you
speak, <span lang="en-CA">cert</span><span lang="en-CA">a</span><span lang="en-CA">inly</span>
you have heard those 3 words: </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><i><b>Zan,
Zendegi, Azadi</b></i></span> (<span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>زن،
زندگی، آزادی</b></span></span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">)
<span face="Arial, sans-serif">in Persian; </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><i><b>Jin,
Jiyan, </b></i></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>Azadî
</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">in
Kurmanji, or </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">in
Sorani we have</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ژن،
ژیان، ئازادی </b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">that
in English we all understand as the popular slogan: </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Woman,
Life, Freedom. </b></i></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">But
this slogan has made its way to many more languages. If you speak
French, you have heard :</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA">
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>femme,
vie, liberté</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA">.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA"> </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">In
Spanish speaking countries </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">they
used banners with </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">the
words: </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Mujer,
vida, libertad</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="es-VE">.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">In
Italy you can see the same banner</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">s</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">
containing the words: </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Donna,
vita, </b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>libertà</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA">.
</span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small; font-style: normal;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">In
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Arabic we have </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>المرأة،
الحياة، الحرية </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>.</b></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
In </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Israel, the Iranian
community for their protest they used </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Alef;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>אישה</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: normal;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>,
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Alef;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>חיים</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: normal;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>,
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Alef;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>חירות</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">;
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">Less common languages had also
their slogans. Kurdish community in Basque country (Spain) used:
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="eu-ES"><i><b>Emakumea,
bizitza, askatasuna</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">.
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">In Hungarian they translated as
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="hu-HU"><i><b>Nő,
élet, szabadság</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">.
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">In Sweden they prepared banners
using the slogan </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i><b>Kvinna,
liv, frihet</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="sv-SE">.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">In Georgia, the media
reflected this phrase: </span><span face="Noto Sans Georgian, sans-serif"><span lang="ka-GE"><b>ქალი,
ცხოვრება, თავისუფლება. (<i>Kali, tskhovreba, tavisupleba</i>) </b></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;">For
reasons I am not going to explain here, Ukrainians also got very
interested in those protests, and the way they translated those words
was: </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="uk-UA"><i><b>Жінка,
життя, свобода. (Zhinka, zhyttja, svoboda)</b></i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="uk-UA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">V</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">ery
few people know that this <a href="https://www.languageonthemove.com/women-life-freedom-the-slogan-swimming-against-the-global-tide/" target="_blank">slogan is not new</a>. It has been used for
more than 20 years and is closely associated to the Kurdistan
Worker’s Party, also known by its initials </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><i><b>PKK</b></i></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
(</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="kmr-Latn-TR"><i><b>Partiya
Karkerên Kurdistanê</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA">,
or</span></span><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="fr-CA"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>پارتی
کرێکارانی کوردستان</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Scheherazade;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA">),
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">a
socialist guerrilla operating in Kurdish areas of Iraq, Iran, Turkey
and Syria.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">Mahsa Amini, whose </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">de</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">a</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">th
ha</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">s s</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">p</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">a</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">rked
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">protests </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">in
Iran</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">, was
herself a Kurdish and resident of a Prominent Kurdish area. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In
my opinion, <span lang="en-CA">and as I perceive it, it is the</span>
first time that a slogan translated into so many different languages
had generated such<span lang="en-CA"> </span><span lang="en-CA">an</span><span lang="en-CA">
</span>impact <span lang="en-CA">on the way of perceiving a protest</span>.
3 simple words, easy to understand and translate, and <span lang="en-CA">which
can be used by those </span>who want to join<span lang="en-CA"> </span><span lang="en-CA">the</span><span lang="en-CA">
</span>Iranian protests, regardless<span lang="en-CA"> </span><span lang="en-CA">of</span><span lang="en-CA">
</span>their ethnic or national origin. </span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><p lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-CA">I think that one of the reasons </span><span lang="en-CA">why</span><span lang="en-CA">
Translation has been so involved in those protests, unlike other
protest that also spread around the world </span>(<span lang="en-CA">For,
example, </span><span lang="en-CA">in</span><span lang="en-CA"> </span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Black
Lives Matter</b></i></span>, <span lang="en-CA">in practice, people
ha</span><span lang="en-CA">ve</span><span lang="en-CA"> been using
these same words </span><span lang="en-CA">whether </span><span lang="en-CA">they
speak English or not, and translation played a minor role, mostly for
education purposes) Has to do with the u</span><span lang="en-CA">se
of 2 l</span><span lang="en-CA">a</span><span lang="en-CA">nguages </span><span lang="en-CA">at
the beginning of the protests, where Persian and Kurdish were
simultaneously used, something rarely seen. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Humanity
will still face more challenges. We will <span lang="en-CA">increasingly
</span>see the use of simple slogans that can be easily understood,
not <span lang="en-CA">only </span>to catch the attention of the rest
of the world, but to invite them to participate. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">The
only problem </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">I
find, if they want the rest of the world to listen to them,</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">i</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">s
that many videos and stories coming </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">out
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">from Iran,
remain still untranslated. This limit the audience who can understand
them and know what is going on. Even for me, who speak Persian, I</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">often</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">find my</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">self
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">unable to
understand the context of some of them. But the brave Iranians have
been able to </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">win </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">the
sympathy of the rest of the world. Whatever they are fighting for,
they will eventually gain the support of the rest of the world. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-18116398102467193412022-10-31T19:26:00.000-07:002022-10-31T19:26:46.628-07:00La Opera y los Idiomas<p> </p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">Una d</span>e <span lang="es-VE">las más
</span><span lang="es-VE">complet</span><span lang="es-VE">as</span>
<span lang="es-VE">expresion</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span>
<span lang="es-VE">del </span>art<span lang="es-VE">e</span> <span lang="es-VE">e</span>s<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">la</span><span lang="es-VE"> </span>Opera.
<span lang="es-VE">Según el diccionario de la Real Academia
Española, la palabra </span><span lang="es-VE"><b><a href="https://dle.rae.es/%C3%B3pera" target="_blank">Opera</a></b></span><span lang="es-VE">
se define como: “</span><span lang="es-VE"><i>Obra dramática
musical cuyo texto se canta, total o parcialmente, con acompañamiento
de orquesta</i></span><span lang="es-VE">”. </span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="es-VE"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">La opera es una de las artes en las cuales se
necesitan los idiomas. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">La mayoría de los cantantes </span><span lang="es-VE">profesional</span><span lang="es-VE">es
de </span><span lang="es-VE">opera reci</span><span lang="es-VE">ben
</span><a href="https://www.garsingtonopera.org/news/opera-its-original-language#:~:text=Most%20professional%20opera%20singers%20receive,the%20operatic%20repertoire%20is%20written." target="_blank"><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">n</span><span lang="es-VE">tr</span><span lang="es-VE">en</span><span lang="es-VE">a</span><span lang="es-VE">m</span><span lang="es-VE">i</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">n</span></a><span lang="es-VE"><a href="https://www.garsingtonopera.org/news/opera-its-original-language#:~:text=Most%20professional%20opera%20singers%20receive,the%20operatic%20repertoire%20is%20written." target="_blank">to
en idiomas</a> tales como el </span><span lang="es-VE">italian</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">,
</span><span lang="es-VE">francés</span><span lang="es-VE"> o
</span><span lang="es-VE">alemán. En una conversación que tuve con
estudiantes del programa de Opera de la Universidad de </span><span lang="zxx">Toronto</span><span lang="es-VE">,
</span><span lang="es-VE">me contaron que ellos incluso reciben
clases de preparación en otros idiomas tales como el ruso, español
o checo. </span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">Mucha gente relaciona este arte con el idioma
i</span>talian<span lang="es-VE">o</span>. <span lang="es-VE">Hay </span>2
<span lang="es-VE">ra</span><span lang="es-VE">z</span><span lang="es-VE">on</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span>:
<span lang="es-VE">La primera es que este arte tuvo su origen en
Italia.</span> <span lang="es-VE">El primer compositor de </span>Opera
<span lang="es-VE">fue </span>Jacopo Peri. <span lang="es-VE">Se cree
que <a href="https://www.italianforsingers.com/what-language-is-opera-sung-in/" target="_blank">la primera </a></span><a href="https://www.italianforsingers.com/what-language-is-opera-sung-in/" target="_blank">opera</a> <span lang="es-VE">fue </span><i><b>Dafne</b></i>,
<span lang="es-VE">que se estrenó en </span>1598. <span lang="es-VE">Sin
embargo, la mayor parte de esta obra se perdió. La opera más
antigua que se conoce es </span><i><b>Euridice</b></i>, <span lang="es-VE">que
</span><span lang="es-VE">también</span><span lang="es-VE"> fue
</span><span lang="es-VE">comp</span><span lang="es-VE">ue</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span><span lang="es-VE">ta
por </span>Peri. </p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">La segunda razón, es que su terminología, así
como también la de la música en general, proviene de la lengua
italiana. </span> <span lang="es-VE">Se puede ver en el uso de
palabras como</span>: <i>Allegro, Forte, </i><i>Vibrato</i>. <span lang="es-VE">La
misma palabra </span> <i><b>Opera</b></i>, <span lang="es-VE">proviene
del it</span><span lang="es-VE">al</span><span lang="es-VE">ian</span><span lang="es-VE">o,
</span><span lang="es-VE">y significa</span>: <span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Ob</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>r</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>a</b></i></span>.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">El i</span>talian<span lang="es-VE">o era tan
</span>p<a href="https://www.classical-music.com/features/articles/what-language-is-opera/" target="_blank">opular <span lang="es-VE">e</span>n<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">la</span><span lang="es-VE">
</span>Opera</a> <span lang="es-VE">que no sólo los compositores
i</span>talian<span lang="es-VE">os lo usaron, sino también los no
italianos. </span> <span lang="es-VE">Tenemos el caso de </span>Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart,<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">quien
compuso </span>Operas <span lang="es-VE">e</span>n <span lang="es-VE">i</span>talian<span lang="es-VE">o
como </span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Le Nozze di Figaro</b></i></span>,
(<span lang="es-VE">Las Bodas d</span>e Figaro), <span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Così
</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>fan Tutte</b></i></span> (<span lang="es-VE">A</span><span lang="es-VE">sí
hacen todas</span>) o <i><b>Don Giovanni</b></i>. <span lang="es-VE">Pero
no hubo que esperar mucho para ver composiciones en otros idiomas. En</span>
1627, <span lang="es-VE">ap</span><span lang="es-VE">ar</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">ció
la primera oper</span><span lang="es-VE">a e</span><span lang="es-VE">n
alemán</span>: <i><b>Dafne</b></i>, <span lang="es-VE">por</span>
Heinrich Sch<span lang="fr-CA">ü</span>tz (<span lang="es-VE">Tuvo
casualmente el mismo nombre que la primera composición de </span>Peri).<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">Menos de un siglo después, apareció la
primera opera en francés.</span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="es-VE"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Se cree que la primera <a href="https://elpais.com/videos/2021-03-25/asi-suena-la-primera-opera-en-espanol-musicalizada-tras-cuatro-siglos-de-olvido.html" target="_blank">opera en español</a> apareció en 1627 y se
tituló <i><b>La selva sin amor</b></i>, Con música de Filippo
Piccinini, y libreto de Lope de Vega. </p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">Muy a menudo, las operas se traducían al <a href="https://www.italianforsingers.com/what-language-is-opera-sung-in/" target="_blank">idioma</a>
del país en donde se presentaba. Esto facilitaba al público local
entender el desarrollo de la obra. </span><span lang="es-VE">A los
cantantes locales les era más fácil su interpretación sin tener
que preocuparse por la dicción en una lengua extranjera, o por
entender exactamente que es lo que están cantando. Tras la segunda
Guerra Mundial, hubo un cambio en las preferencias y creció la
tendencia en presentar estas obras en su lengua original. </span><span lang="es-VE">Gracias a la </span><span lang="es-VE">tecnolog</span><span lang="es-VE">ía</span>,
<span lang="es-VE">algunos conciertos de </span>Opera <span lang="es-VE">tienen
subtítulos y así más gente puede disfrutar de este evento sin
im</span><span lang="es-VE">p</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">r</span><span lang="es-VE">tar
</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span><span lang="es-VE">i hablan o no el
idioma en uso. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">Si tenemos que hacer una lista de los más grandes
compositores de opera en italiano </span>(<span lang="es-VE">e</span>n
Wikipedia, <span lang="es-VE">hay una </span>list<span lang="es-VE">a
de </span>approx 420 <span lang="es-VE">n</span><span lang="es-VE">ombre</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span>),<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">podríamos empezar por </span>Giuseppe
Verdi. <span lang="es-VE">Su primera gran </span>Opera <span lang="es-VE">fue
</span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Nabucco</b></i></span>, <span lang="es-VE">estrenada
en </span>1842. <span lang="es-VE">Ot</span><span lang="es-VE">ras
</span>operas<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">famosas
fueron</span> <i><b>La </b></i><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Traviata</b></i></span>,
<span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Il Trovatore</b></i></span>, <span lang="es-VE">y</span>
<i><b>Rigoletto</b></i>. <span lang="es-VE">En </span>1893, <span lang="es-VE">se
estrenó su última gran obra maestra, </span><i><b>Falstaff</b></i>.
<span lang="es-VE">Tenemos a </span><span lang="it-IT">Giacomo</span>
Puccini <span lang="es-VE">con sus obras maestras </span><i><b>Tosca</b></i>,
<span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>La Bohème</b></i></span><span lang="fr-CA">,
</span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Madama</b></i></span><i><b>
Butterfly</b></i>, <span lang="es-VE">y</span> <i><b>Turandot </b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
este compositor, a mi personalmente me encantan </span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><i><b>Le Villi</b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Gianni Schicchi</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
operas</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cortas
que no siempre se mencionan</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span>Gioachino Rossini <span lang="es-VE">comp</span><span lang="es-VE">uso
o</span>peras <span lang="es-VE">como</span> <span lang="it-IT"><i><b>L’italiana
in Algeri </b></i></span>(<span lang="es-VE">La italiana en Argel</span>),<span lang="it-IT">
</span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Il Barbiere di Siviglia</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT">
(</span><span lang="es-VE">El </span><span lang="it-IT">barbero </span><span lang="es-VE">de</span><span lang="it-IT">
Sevill</span><span lang="es-VE">a</span><span lang="it-IT">) </span><span lang="es-VE">y
</span><span lang="it-IT"> </span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Mosè in
Egitto </b></i></span><span lang="it-IT">(</span><span lang="es-VE">Mo</span><span lang="es-VE">i</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span><span lang="es-VE">é</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span><span lang="it-IT">
</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="it-IT">n </span><span lang="es-VE">Eg</span><span lang="es-VE">i</span><span lang="es-VE">pt</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="it-IT">)
</span><span lang="es-VE">entre otras</span><span lang="it-IT">.
</span>Gaetano Donizetti <span lang="es-VE">comp</span><span lang="es-VE">us</span><span lang="es-VE">o
</span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Lucia di Lammermoor</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT">,
</span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Don Pasquale</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT">
</span><span lang="es-VE">y</span><span lang="it-IT"> </span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>L’elisir
d’amore</b></i></span> (<span lang="es-VE">El </span>Elixir <span lang="es-VE">de
Amor</span>).
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">E</span>n<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">alemán
es importante resaltar las contribuciones hechas por </span>Mozart <span lang="es-VE">en
el desarrollo de </span>Operas <span lang="es-VE">e</span>n <span lang="es-VE">es</span><span lang="es-VE">t</span><span lang="es-VE">e
idioma</span>. <span lang="es-VE">El compuso </span><span lang="de-LU"><i><b>Die
Zauberflöte</b></i></span> (<span lang="es-VE">La Flauta Mágica</span>)
<span lang="es-VE">y</span> <span lang="de-LU"><i><b>Die Entführung
aus dem Serail</b></i></span> (<span lang="es-VE">El Rapto </span><span lang="es-VE">en
</span><span lang="es-VE">el </span><span lang="es-VE">Sera</span><span lang="es-VE">l</span><span lang="es-VE">lo</span>).
<span lang="es-VE">Luego tenemos a </span>Richard Wagner <span lang="es-VE">quien
compuso </span><i><b>Tristan und Isolde</b></i>, <span lang="de-LU"><i><b>Die
Meistersinger von Nürnberg</b></i></span> (<span lang="es-VE">Los
Maestros cantores de </span>Nuremberg). <span lang="de-DE"><i><b>Tanhäuser,
Der Fliegende Holländer </b></i></span>(<span lang="es-VE">El
holandés errante</span>), <i><b>Parsifal</b></i> y <span lang="es-VE">m</span><span lang="es-VE">uchas
más</span>. <span lang="es-VE">Podemos hacer mención de obras como </span>
<span lang="de-DE"><i><b>Salome, Der Rosenkavalier</b></i></span>,
<span lang="es-VE">ambas de </span>Richard Strauss, <i><b>Fidelio</b></i>
<span lang="es-VE">por</span> Ludwig V Beethoven <span lang="es-VE">y</span>
<span lang="de-DE">Der Freischütz </span><span lang="es-VE">por</span>
Carl Maria von Weber.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">Podemos encontrar operas en ingles. Por nombrar a
algunas tenemos </span><i><b>Dido and Aeneas</b></i> <span lang="es-VE">de</span>
Henry Purcell, <i><b>King Priam</b></i> <span lang="es-VE">por</span>
Michael Tippett, <i><b>The Turn of the Screw</b></i> <span lang="es-VE">y</span>
<i><b>Peter Grimes</b></i>, <span lang="es-VE">am</span><span lang="es-VE">b</span><span lang="es-VE">as
c</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">mpues</span><span lang="es-VE">t</span><span lang="es-VE">as
por</span> Benjamin Britten, <i><b>Porgy and Bess </b></i><span lang="es-VE">de
</span>George Gershwin</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">A</span><span lang="es-VE">unque la </span>Opera
<span lang="es-VE">e</span>n <span lang="es-VE">Rusia arribó</span><span lang="es-VE">
mucho más tard</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span>, <span lang="es-VE">ellos
crearon su propia selección de composiciones que hoy so reconocidas
a nivel mundial. Entre las más famosas operas rusas tenemos: </span><i><b>Boris
Godunov</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Борис Годунов</b></span>)
<span lang="es-VE">de</span> Modest Mussorgsky, <span lang="es-VE"><i><b>La
Dama d</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>e</b></i></span><i><b>
</b></i><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Picas</b></i></span> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Пиковая
Дама</b></span>) <span lang="es-VE">de</span> Pyotr Tchaikovsky,
<i><b>Khovanshchina</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Хованщина</b></span>)<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">por</span><span lang="es-VE"> </span>Mussorgsky,
<span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Pr</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>í</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>nc</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>ip</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>e</b></i></span><i><b>
Igor</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Князь Игорь</b></span>)
<span lang="es-VE">de</span> Alexander Borodin, <i><b>Sadko</b></i>
(<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Садко</b></span>) <span lang="es-VE">de</span>
Nikolai <span lang="zxx">Rimsky-Korsakov,</span> <i><b>Ruslan </b></i><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>y</b></i></span><i><b>
Lyudmila</b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span><span lang="uk-UA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Руслан
и Людмила</b></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span>
Mikhail <span lang="zxx">Glinka</span> <span lang="es-VE">y</span>
<span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Eugen</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>io</b></i></span><i><b>
Onegin</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Евгений Онегин</b></span>)
<span lang="es-VE">de</span> Tchaikovsky.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="es-VE">Hay
también Operas compuestas en español. Entre las más conocidas
tenemos: </span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Beatrix Cenci</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE">
y </span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Don Rodrigo</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE">,
ambas de Alberto Ginastera, </span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>Goyescas</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE">
de Enrique Granados, </span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>La Vida Breve</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE">
de Manuel de Falla y </span><span lang="es-VE"><i><b>María de Buenos
Aires</b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"> de Ástor Piazolla. </span><span lang="en-CA">Las
operas </span><span lang="es-VE">en español no suelen ser muy
apreciadas en el mundo de habla hispana. Una explicación probable es
</span><span lang="es-VE">la preferencia que el mundo hispano ha
tenido por otro género musical conocido como la <a href="https://www.esmadrid.com/zarzuela-madrid" target="_blank">Zarzuela</a>, una obra
teatral en la que se intercalan números musicales. Este género se
parece mucho a los musicales. La zarzuela tuvo su origen en el siglo
XVII y fue una oportunidad de encuentro entre las cortes y los
artistas populares. Estas obras suelen reflejar muy bien la realidad
social. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">También podemos encontrar </span>Operas <span lang="es-VE">en
idiomas poco usuales</span>. <span lang="es-VE">Algunos ejemplos son
</span><span lang="zxx"><i><b>Blodwen</b></i></span> <span lang="es-VE">de</span>
Joseph Parry, <span lang="es-VE">que se canta en Galé</span>s; <i><b>The
Dybbuk</b></i> ( <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>דער
דיבוק</b> </span></span>) <span lang="es-VE">por</span> Solomon
Epstein, <span lang="es-VE">cantada en </span>Yiddish; <span lang="zxx"><i><b>Salawat
Yulayev</b></i></span> <span lang="es-VE">de</span> Zagir Ismagilov,
<span lang="es-VE">cantada en </span><span lang="zxx">Bashkir</span>;
<span lang="zxx"><i><b>Zigor</b></i></span> <span lang="es-VE">de
</span>Francisco <span lang="zxx">Escudero</span>, <span lang="es-VE">compuesta
en Eu</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span><span lang="es-VE">kera</span>;
<span lang="es-VE">Pero en esta categoría, yo le daría el primer
premio a la </span>Opera <span lang="zxx"><i><b>Akhnaten</b></i></span>
<span lang="es-VE">de</span> Philip Glass, <span lang="es-VE">con
</span>arias <span lang="es-VE">cantadas en Egipcio antiguo, Hebreo
bíblico y Acadio</span>. <span lang="es-VE">La buena noticia, es que
por lo menos el narrador habla en la lengua local </span><span lang="es-VE">donde
se presente el concierto. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="center" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A Window to a Dream <span lang="es-VE">(Una
ventana a un sueño)</span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE">Este año, participé en el evento </span>“<b>A
Window to a Dream</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">” </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><b>پ</b></span><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">نجره
ای به روی</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ا </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fue
una experiencia única en la cual he vuelto al mundo de la Opera,
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uve
la oportunidad de hacer nuevos amigos y por primera vez, tuve la
oportunidad de cantar arias de opera traducidas a un idioma
diferente. En esta ocasión, todas las canciones se interpretaron en
Persa. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En el pasado,
hubo intentos de hacer </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Opera
</span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
Iran. </span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tras
</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">18 </span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">años
de actividad, fu{e prohibida por el régimen de la república
Islámica que llegó al poder en 1</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">979.
</span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">El motivo
por el cual este régimen se oponía a la opera es que por un lado es
una forma de arte de contenido mayormente secular en cuanto a las
historias que se representan. Por el otro lado, la participación de
mujeres cantando en público, fue vista como algo inaceptable por la
nueva clase gobernante. El evento “Una Ventana a un Sueño” es un
esfuerzo por retomar este arte, solo que ahora fuera de Irán. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Canté
como Bajo en el coro. Participamos cantando en </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5
arias </span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cantando
la parte coral: </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><b>Habanera</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nombre
p</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opular
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
se le da al </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aria</span></span><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>L’amour est un oiseau
rebelle</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
o “</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">El
Am</span></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">r
es un pájaro rebelde</span></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”,
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">unque
en </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Persa
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
le tradujo</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">عشق
مثل مرغ وحشی است</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o
“ </span></span><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eshgh
mesle morghe vahshiye</span></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”)</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opera
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Carmen</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>D</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>ido’s
Lament</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opera
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Dido and Aeneas</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Nessum Dorma</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opera
</span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Turandot</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Libiamo ne’lieti calici</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
opera </span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>La Traviata</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
5ta </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aria
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fue</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="zxx"><i><b>Noor-e Badeh</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
( </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">نور
باده</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opera
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Koroğlu </b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
cual fue la única </span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aria
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">original</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mente
fue compuesta en </span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Persa</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aunque
el resto de la </span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Opera
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ta
compuesta en</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Azerbaijani. </span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hubo
otras </span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">arias,
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pero
todas fueron cantadas por los solistas. Entre ellas disfruté mucho </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>O
Mio babbino caro</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opera
</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Gianni Schichi </b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Solveig’s Song</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Peer Gynt, </b></i></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">b</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ambas
cantadas por la soprano </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Golrokh
Aminian. </span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Debo
hacer menci</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ó</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
especial a </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Largo al
Factotum</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opera
</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Il Barbiere di
Siviglia</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cantada
por el vocalista </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Farshid
Tabloie. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-42674332828611815942022-10-29T19:17:00.000-07:002022-10-29T19:17:50.165-07:00Opera and Languages<p> </p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
One of the most complete expressions of art is Opera. According to
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/art/opera-music" target="_blank">Britannica</a>, <b>Opera</b> is defined as “ <i>a staged drama set to
music entirely, made up of vocal pieces with instrumental
accompaniment and usually with orchestral overtures and Interludes </i>”.
Opera is one of the arts where you need languages.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Most professional opera singers receive <a href="https://www.garsingtonopera.org/news/opera-its-original-language#:~:text=Most%20professional%20opera%20singers%20receive,the%20operatic%20repertoire%20is%20written" target="_blank">training in languages</a> such as
Italian, French or German. In a conversation I had with students of
the opera program of the University of Toronto, they told me that
they even receive preparation in other languages as well, like
Russian, Spanish or Czech. </p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A lot of people relate this art with the <a href="https://www.italianforsingers.com/what-language-is-opera-sung-in/" target="_blank">Italian language</a>. There are
2 reasons for this: The first reason is that this art was born in
Italy. The first Opera composer was Jacopo Peri. It is believed that
the first opera was <i><b>Dafne</b></i>, performed in 1598. But most
of this work was lost. The oldest surviving opera is <i><b>Euridice</b></i>,
that was composed by Peri too. </p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="en-CA">The
second reason is</span><span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="en-CA">that</span><span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="en-CA">its terminology, </span><span lang="en-CA">as
well as that of </span><span lang="en-CA">Music </span><span lang="en-CA">in
general</span><span lang="en-CA">, </span><span lang="en-CA">comes
from the </span><span lang="en-CA">Italian language. You can see the
use of words like: </span><span lang="en-CA"><i>Allegro, Forte,
</i></span><span lang="en-CA"><i>Vibrato</i></span><span lang="en-CA">.
The word </span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Opera</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA">,
also comes from Italian, and it means: </span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Work</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA">.
</span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Italian was so popular in Opera that not only Italian Composers used
it, but non Italians as well. We have the case of Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart, who composed Operas in Italian like <span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Le
Nozze di Figaro</b></i></span>, (The Marriage of Figaro), <span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Così
</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>fan Tutte</b></i></span> (All
women do it) or <i><b>Don Giovanni</b></i>. But it did not take too
long to see <a href="https://www.classical-music.com/features/articles/what-language-is-opera/" target="_blank">compositions in other languages</a>. In 1627, appeared the
first German opera: <i><b>Dafne</b></i>, by Heinrich Sch<span lang="fr-CA">ü</span>tz
(Same name as the earlier composition by Peri).
Less than a century after that, appeared the first Opera in French.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
It is considered that the <a href="https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-development-of-british-opera#:~:text=The%20first%20English%20opera%20is,at%20Davenant's%20home%2C%20Rutland%20House" target="_blank">first opera in English</a> was <i><b>The Siege
of Rhodes</b></i>, performed in 1656, composed by Sir William
Davenant. But Opera did not have the same evolution in England. Other
forms of Vocal expressions gained more prominence like the Oratorio.
Like in Opera, oratorios were split in arias, choruses and musical
interludes, but the choral part was more prominent. </p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
In earlier times, Operas were <a href="https://www.italianforsingers.com/what-language-is-opera-sung-in/" target="_blank">often translated</a> into the language of
the country where it was performed. This had the advantage of being
easier for locals to understand the content, and for local singers to
perform, without worrying about diction in a foreign language or find
out the meaning of the words. After the World War II, there was a
shift in preferences, and the tendency was to perform in original
language. Thanks to technology, some Opera presentations have subtitles and
more people enjoy those concerts regardless their level of knowledge
in the language used.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If we have to make a list of the greatest composers (In Wikipedia,
this list has approx 420 names) of Operas in Italian, We might start
with Giuseppe Verdi. His first great Opera was <span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Nabucco</b></i></span>,
released in 1842. Other famous operas were <i><b>La </b></i><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Traviata</b></i></span>,
<span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Il Trovatore</b></i></span>, and <i><b>Rigoletto</b></i>.
In 1893, he released his last great masterpiece, <i><b>Falstaff</b></i>.
We have <span lang="it-IT">Giacomo</span> Puccini with his great
masterpieces <i><b>Tosca</b></i>, <span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>La Bohème</b></i></span><span lang="fr-CA">,
</span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Madama</b></i></span><i><b>
Butterfly</b></i>, and <i><b>Turandot </b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(from
this composer, I really like </span></span><i><b>Le Villi</b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
and </span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Gianni Schicchi</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">short
operas</span></span><i><b> </b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">which
are not always mention). </span></span>Gioachino Rossini composed
operas like <span lang="it-IT"><i><b>L’italiana in Algeri </b></i></span>(The
Italian girl in Algiers),<span lang="it-IT"> </span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Il
Barbiere di Siviglia</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"> (The barber of
Seville) and </span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Mosè in Egitto </b></i></span><span lang="it-IT">(Moses
in Egypt) among others. </span>Gaetano Donizetti composed <span lang="it-IT">Lucia
di Lammermoor, Don Pasquale and L’elisir d’amore</span> (The
Elixir of Love). The list of Operas is much larger.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
In German, it is important to highlight the contributions of Mozart
to the development of Operas in this language. He composed <span lang="de-LU"><i><b>Die
Zauberflöte</b></i></span> (The magic flute) and <span lang="de-LU"><i><b>Die
Entführung aus dem Serail</b></i></span> (The Abduction from the
Seraglio). Then we have Richard Wagner who composed <i><b>Tristan und
Isolde</b></i>, <span lang="de-LU"><i><b>Die Meistersinger von
Nürnberg</b></i></span> (The master singers of Nuremberg).
<span lang="de-DE"><i><b>Tanhäuser, Der Fliegende Holländer </b></i></span>(The
Flying Dutchman), <i><b>Parsifal</b></i> and many more. We can also
shortlist operas like <span lang="de-DE"><i><b>Salome, Der
Rosenkavalier</b></i></span>, both by Richard Strauss, <i><b>Fidelio</b></i>
by Ludwig V Beethoven and <span lang="de-DE">Der Freischütz </span>by
Carl Maria von Weber.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
English has its share in the opera world. We can name famous operas
such as <i><b>Dido and Aeneas</b></i> by Henry Purcell, <i><b>King
Priam</b></i> by Michael Tippett, <i><b>The Turn of the Screw</b></i>
and <i><b>Peter Grimes</b></i>, both by Benjamin Britten, <i><b>Porgy
and Bess </b></i>by George Gershwin</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Although Opera in Russia arrived later, they created their own group
of compositions which are recognized around the world. Among the most
famous operas in Russian we have: <i><b>Boris Godunov</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Борис
Годунов</b></span>) by Modest Mussorgsky, <i><b>The Queen of
Spades</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Пиковая Дама</b></span>)
by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, <i><b>Khovanshchina</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Хованщина</b></span>)
by Mussorgsky, <i><b>Prince Igor</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Князь
Игорь</b></span>) by Alexander Borodin, <i><b>Sadko</b></i>
(<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Садко</b></span>) by Nikolai
<span lang="zxx">Rimsky-Korsakov,</span> <i><b>Ruslan and Lyudmila</b></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span><span lang="uk-UA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Руслан
и Людмила</b></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span>by Mikhail <span lang="zxx">Glinka</span> and <i><b>Eugene
Onegin</b></i> (<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Евгений Онегин</b></span>)
by Tchaikovsky.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
We can find Operas in unusual languages. Some examples are <span lang="zxx"><i><b>Blodwen</b></i></span>
by Joseph Parry, sung in Welsh; <i><b>The Dybbuk</b></i> ( <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>דער
דיבוק</b> </span></span>) by Solomon Epstein, sung in Yiddish;
<span lang="zxx"><i><b>Salawat Yulayev</b></i></span> by Zagir
Ismagilov, sung in Bashkir; <span lang="zxx"><i><b>Zigor</b></i></span>
by Francisco <span lang="zxx">Escudero</span>, sung in Basque; But in
this category, the first prize is for the Opera <span lang="zxx"><i><b>Akhnaten</b></i></span>
by Philip Glass, with arias sung in Old Egyptian, biblical Hebrew and
<span lang="zxx">Akkadian</span>. At least the narrator speaks in the
local language.
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="center" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A Window to a Dream</b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
This year, I participated in the event “<b>A Window to a Dream</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">”
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">( </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><b>پ</b></span><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">نجره
ای به روی</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ا </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> It was a unique experience
where I came back to the opera world, met new friends and for the
first time in my life, I had the opportunity to perform singing Opera
arias translated to a different language, in this case, all songs
were in Persian.</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Th</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ere
were attempts in the past to make Opera popular in Iran. After 18
years of activity, it ended banned by the Islamic regimen that came
to power in 1979. The main reasons of the opposition to this form or
art were the secular content of the stories of the main operas, and
the participation of Female singers, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">both
were deemed as unacceptable by the new ruling class. A window to a
dream is an attempt to retake that effort, but now outside Iran. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">sang
as a bass in the choir. We participated in 5 arias singing the chorus
part: </span><span lang="fr-FR"><i><b>Habanera</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(Popular name of the aria</span><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>L’amour est un oiseau
rebelle</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> or “</span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Love
is a rebellious bird</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">”,
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">although in Persian you can
hear: </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">عشق
مثل مرغ وحشی است</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">or “ </span><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eshgh
mesle morghe vahshiye</span></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">”)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from the opera </span><i><b>Carmen</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">;</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>D</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>ido’s
Lament</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from the opera </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Dido and
Aeneas</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Nessum Dorma</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from the opera </span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Turandot</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Libiamo ne’lieti calici</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from the opera </span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>La Traviata</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
</span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
5</span></span><sup><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></span></sup><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
aria was </span></span><span lang="zxx"><i><b>Noor-e Badeh</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
( </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-family: Amiri;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">نور
باده</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
from the opera </span></span><span lang="en-CA"><i><b>Koroğlu </b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">which
was the only aria originally composed in Persian, although the rest
of the Opera is in Azerbaijani. There were other arias, but sung only
by the soloists. Among them I enjoyed </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>O
Mio babbino caro</b></i></span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from the opera </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Gianni
Schichi </b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">and
</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Solveig’s Song</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Peer Gynt, </b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">both
sang by</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b> </b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vocalist
Golrokh Aminian. </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Special
mention to </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Largo al
Factotum</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
from the opera </span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><i><b>Il
Barbiere di Siviglia</b></i></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span><span lang="it-IT"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sang
by vocalist Farshid Tabloie. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">I want to thank Golrokh Aminian
for this opportunity </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">to
participate in such event</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">that will make history in
Persian Arts. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-56757435843097313562022-09-07T22:13:00.000-07:002022-09-07T22:13:06.594-07:00Recensement du Canada 2021 : Langues<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Le mois passé, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href=" https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index-fra.cfm?DGUID=2021A000011124" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Statistique
</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Canada</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
a publié les résultats du dernier recensement en ce qui concerne
les langues. Les données obtenues révèlent beaucoup de choses
intéressantes sur le multilinguisme dans notre pays.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Les
résultats publiés montrent que nous avons un pays plus divers</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ifié</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Près
du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">quart
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
la population totale </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">déclare
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">avoir
une langue maternelle différente à l'anglais et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
français et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">près
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
la moitié </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d'entre
eux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
vivent en Ontario.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
population anglophone est passée </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
58.1% à 58,4%. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L’anglais
est la première langue officielle parlée. La proportion de la
population </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qu'utilisent l'anglais comme première langue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> officielle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
augmenté </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">à
75,5%. Toutefois, il y a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vait
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
mauvaises nouvelles pour la langue française, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">car
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">chiffres
montraient </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">une
diminution </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
son</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
utilisation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
population francophone est passée </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
21.4% à 20.9%. 21.4 % des résidents au Canada utilisent le
français comme première langue officielle parlée. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Vous
pouvez </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">comparer</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
ici </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
résultats des </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">deux
recensements, <a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-fr.html" target="_blank">2021</a>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">et
<a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html" target="_blank">2016 ici</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
proportion de la <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/745935/le-francais-comme-langue-parlee-principale-poursuit-son-declin-au-quebec-et-au-canada" target="_blank">population bilingue</a> français – anglais r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
stable. Mais la vérité, c'est</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> qu'il y a eu une augmentation </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du
taux </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">bilinguisme
au</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
Québec, et en même temps, il y a eu une diminution dans le reste du
pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Les
langues</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">autochtones
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n'ont
pas été favorisées cette fois. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Il
y a 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">88.900
personnes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui
ont une </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">langue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">autochtone
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">langue
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">maternelle,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ontr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
213.230 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u
recensement de 2016. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">es
Provinces comme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Colombie-Britannique,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le
Manitoba, l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Ontario
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Saskatchewan
ont</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">connu
une baisse </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
plus de 10 % en ses </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">chiffres
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
personnes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ce</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">langues.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">jabi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">est
maintenant la troisième langue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
plus parlée </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u
Canada</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
termes de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nombre
de parlants</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">natifs</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
suivi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
par le mandarin et ensuite </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">par
l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">arabe.
Ce sont les 3 langues d'immigrants</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">plus
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parlé</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
au Canada. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Les
langues suivantes sont </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">canton</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ai</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">spagnol</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
et le tagalo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Terre-Neuve-et-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Labrador
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ét</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ait</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
la seule province où il y a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vait
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">une
langue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">autochtone
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">comme
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">3ᵉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> langue </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">plus
parlée </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">lor</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
recensement précédent : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Innu
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ontagnais).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Ce</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n'est
déjà pas la langue 3e, mais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">arabe.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Plus
de 41% des résidents du Canada sont bilingues, ce qui signifie
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qu’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ils
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">peuvent
parler</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">couramment
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">2
langues, et 7%</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">peuvent
parler </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">3
langues ou plus. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">À</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
Montréal, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">è</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
20 % de sa population </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/2021-canada-language-census-data-1.6553477" target="_blank">se</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/2021-canada-language-census-data-1.6553477" target="_blank">
déclare trilingue</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">À
mon avis, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
bonne nouvelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">voir
une société plus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">divers</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ifiée</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
au Canada. De</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
nouvelles occasions de faire des affaires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ourrai</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ouvr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ir
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dans
ce pays dans des secteurs où les investisseurs </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">oient</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
intéressés à recruter</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">des</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">talent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
bilingue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Des villes comme Toronto et Montréal </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">eraie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
des lieux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">intér</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ê</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">à
partir </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sq</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">el</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">des
services professionnels multilingues </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">peuvent
être offerts</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Bonnes nouvelles aussi pour l'industrie des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Il
y avait </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">forte
croissance du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nombre
de personnes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
parla</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
langue asiatique. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">C’e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">st
une </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">bon</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">chose,
car </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le
commerce général à travers l'océan Pacifique est sur le point de
croître et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">rrai</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ouvrir
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
nouvelles</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">possibilités
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pour
le Canada </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">augmente</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
sa participation </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dans</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
ce marché. Mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">si
l’on considère </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qu'encore
75 % de <a href="https://www.worldstopexports.com/canadas-top-import-partners/" target="_blank">notre commerce extérieur</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">fait</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> avec les</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">États-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">U</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nis</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">c’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">est
difficile de dire si</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">cela</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">aura
un impact significatif</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">notre
commerce international. Je proposerai de chercher comment </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">attirer
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">plus
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
talent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
que parle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt
e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">spagnol.
Le commerce avec le Mexique croît (est déjà </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">no</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">tre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
partenaire commercial) et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">aux
États-Unis</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
l'utilisation de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">spagnol</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
croît aussi. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">En
ce qui concerne les langues</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">autochtones</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
<a href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm?indid=32989-2" target="_blank">les résultats de ce recensement</a> attirent </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">'attention.
Les</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">chiffres
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">montrent
une diminution</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du
nombre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
personnes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ce</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
langue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Mais il y a une note qui explique que</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dans
le contexte de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pandémie
de COVID-19, la collecte de données a posé un défi </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">certains
chiffres </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
être incomplets. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Ce débat </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">se
poursuivra</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-23593155025549385842022-08-25T19:26:00.001-07:002022-08-25T19:26:20.206-07:00Censo de Canadá 2021: Idiomas<p> </p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
semana pasada, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm" target="_blank">Statistics Canada</a></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
publicó los resultados del último censo en lo relativo a los
idiomas. Los datos obtenidos revelan muchas cosas interesantes acerca
del multilingüismo en nuestro país. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Los
resultados publicados muestran que tenemos un país más diverso en
términos de idiomas. Casi una cuarta parte de la población total
afirma tener una lengua materna diferente al inglés y al francés. Casi la mitad de ellos viven en Ontario.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Tenemos
a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">hora</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
más de 1 millón de hablantes nativos más de inglés que durante el
censo pasado. Pero en términos porcentuales, el aumento fue muy
leve, del 58,1% al 58,4%. El número de personas, que utilizan el
inglés como primera lengua oficial hablada, aumentó al 75,5
%. Sin embargo, hubo malas noticias para el idioma francés, ya que
los números mostraron una disminución en su uso. El porcentaje de
hablantes nativos disminuyó de 21.4% a 20.9%. El 21,4% de los
residentes en Canadá utilizan el francés como primera lengua
oficial hablada. A pesar de que hay más hablantes de francés en
Canadá, su población no creció tan rápido como otros grupos.
Proporcionalmente, incluso en Quebec el idioma francés está
experimentando una disminución en su uso.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Puedes
comparar </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">los
resultados de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ambos
censos, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">el
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html" target="_blank">2021 aquí</a>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">y
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">el
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/lang/index-eng.cfm" target="_blank">2016 aquí</a>.. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Según
este censo, el número de personas bilingües que hablan ambos
idiomas oficiales, se mantiene estable. Pero la verdad es, que hubo
un aumento en el número de personas <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/745935/le-francais-comme-langue-parlee-principale-poursuit-son-declin-au-quebec-et-au-canada#:~:text=%C3%80%20l'%C3%A9chelle%20du%20Canada,progression%20de%200%2C7%20%25" target="_blank">bilingües</a> en Quebec, y al mismo
tiempo, hubo una disminución en el resto del país.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Las
lenguas indígenas no fueron favorecidas esta vez. Los números
reportan 188,900 hablantes nativos de lenguas indígenas, frente a
213,230 del censo de 2016. Provincias como Columbia Británica,
Ontario, Manitoba y Saskatchewan experimentaron una disminución de
más del 10% en su población de hablantes nativos de lenguas
indígenas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">El
punjabi es ahora el tercer idioma de Canadá en cuanto a su número de
parlantes nativos, seguido por el mandarín y luego el árabe. Estos
son los 3 idiomas de inmigrantes más hablados en Canadá. Les siguen
el cantonés, el español y el tagalo. Ahora en Canadá somos más de 100 mil
hablantes nativos de español más que en 2016.
El porcentaje de hispanoparlantes en Canadá aumentó del 1,4% al
1,6%.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Terranova
y Labrador fue la única provincia donde </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">en el censo anterior</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> una lengua indígena </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ocupó
el 3</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">er</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
lugar </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">como
lengua más hablada: el Innu (Montagnais). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Hoy
en día, y</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
no</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lo</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">es y ese lugar lo ocupa ahora el árabe. Hubo un aumento en el </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ú</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">mero</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
de parlantes nativos </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
ambos idiomas, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
pesar de que la población en esta provincia disminuyó.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Más
del 41% de los residentes de Canadá son bilingües, lo que significa
que pueden hablar con fluidez en 2 idiomas, y el 7% puede hacerlo en
3 idiomas o más. En Montreal, casi el 20% de su población se
declara <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/2021-canada-language-census-data-1.6553477" target="_blank">trilingüe</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">En
mi opinión, es una buena noticia ver una sociedad más diversa en
Canadá. Nuevas oportunidades de negocios se pueden abrir en este
país, en áreas en las cuales los inversionistas puedan estar interesados en
reclutar talento bilingüe. Ciudades como Toronto y Montreal son
lugares ideales para invertir en servicios profesionales multilingües. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Hubo
un aumento en el número de hablantes de idiomas asiáticos. Esto es
bueno, ya que el comercio a través del océano Pacífico está creciendo y esto puede conducir a nuevas oportunidades para que
Canadá aumente su participación en este mercado. Pero teniendo en
cuenta que todavía el 75% de nuestro <a href="https://www.worldstopexports.com/canadas-top-import-partners/" target="_blank">comercio exterior</a> es con los
EE.UU., es difícil decir si este hecho tendrá un impacto relevante
en nuestro comercio internacional. Yo propondría buscar cómo atraer
más talento que hable español. El comercio con México está
creciendo, y ya es nuestro quinto socio comercial más importante. Por otro lado, en los Estados Unidos, el uso del español también está creciendo. No sería de extrañar, que un mayor uso del español </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sea una condición
para continuar nuestro comercio bilateral al mismo nivel, o para
aumentarlo. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">En
lo que respecta a las<a href=" https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm?indid=32989-2&indgeo=0" target="_blank"> lenguas indígenas</a>, los resultados de este
censo atraerán más atención. Los números muestran una disminución en la población parlante nativa. Pero hay </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">una nota que explica que la recolección
de datos</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">entre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">las
comunidades indígenas en tiempos de COVID ha sido un desafío.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">¿Estamos haciendo lo suficiente para preservar </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">as</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
lenguas? Este debate continuará.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="center" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-77270019640359576082022-08-24T20:46:00.002-07:002022-08-24T20:46:48.751-07:00Canada 2021 Census: Languages<p> </p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">La</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">s</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">t</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">
week, <a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm" target="_blank">Statistics Canada</a> released the results of the last census </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">on
languages. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">The
data obtained reveal</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">s</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">
many interesting things about the Multilingual picture of our
Country. </span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The results released show that we have
a more diverse country in terms of languages. Almost a fourth of the
total population report having a first language other than English
and French and almost half of them live in Ontario. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">We have now more than 1 million more
native speakers of English than during last census. But in terms of
percentage, the increase was very slight, from 58.1% to 58.4%. The
number of People who use English as first official language spoken
increased to 75.5 %. However, there were bad news for French language
as numbers showed a decline in its use. The percentage of Native
speakers decreased from 21.4% to 20.9%. 21.4% of Canadian residents
use French as first official language spoken. Even though there are more
speakers of French in Canada, their numbers did not grow as fast as
other groups. Proportionally, even in Quebec the French language is
experiencing a decline in use. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">You can compare both Census, <a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html" target="_blank">2021 here</a> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">and 2016 <a href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/lang/index-eng.cfm" target="_blank">here</a>. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">As per numbers of bilingual people who
speak both official languages, they keep steady. But the truth is
that there was an increase in number of <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/745935/le-francais-comme-langue-parlee-principale-poursuit-son-declin-au-quebec-et-au-canada#:~:text=%C3%80%20l'%C3%A9chelle%20du%20Canada,progression%20de%200%2C7%20%25." target="_blank">Bilinguals</a> in Quebec, and at
the same time, there was a decline in the rest of the country. </span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Indigenous languages were not favoured
this time. Numbers report 188,900 native speakers of indigenous
languages, vs 213,230 from 2016 census. Provinces like British
Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan experienced a decrease
in more than 10% in their respective populations. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Punjabi is now Canada’s third
language in terms of number of native speakers, followed by Mandarin
and then Arabic. These are the 3 most spoken immigrant languages in
Canada. They are followed by Cantonese, Spanish and Tagalog. We are
now more than 100 thousand more native speakers of Spanish than in
2016 living in Canada. The percentage of Spanish speakers in Canada
increased from 1.4% to 1.6%. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Newfoundland and Labrador was the only
province where there was an indigenous language as the 3<sup>rd</sup>
most spoken language, as per 2016 Census: Innu (Montagnais). It is no
longer the 3<sup>rd</sup> language but Arabic is. There was an increase
in the number of native speakers of both languages, even though the population in this
province decreased. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">More than 41% of the residents are
bilingual, meaning, they can speak fluently in 2 languages, and 7%
can do so in 3 languages or more. In Montreal, almost 20% of its
population declares themselves to be <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/2021-canada-language-census-data-1.6553477" target="_blank">trilingual</a> </span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">In my opinion, It is good news to see
a more diverse society in Canada. New Business opportunities can be
opened in this country in areas in which investors are interested in
recruiting bilingual talent. Cities like Toronto and Montreal are
interesting places from where you can offer multilingual professional
services. For language industry, these are good news too. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">There was an increase in the number of
speakers of Asian languages. This is a good thing as overall trade
across the Pacific Ocean is expected to grow and may lead to new
opportunities for Canada to increase its share in this market. But
considering that still 75% of our external commerce is with the USA,
is difficult to say if this fact will have a relevant impact in our
International trade. I would propose to seek how to attract more
talent who speak Spanish. Trade with Mexico is growing (It is already
our 5<sup>th</sup> more <a href="https://www.worldstopexports.com/canadas-top-import-partners/" target="_blank">important business partner</a>) and in the USA,
the use of Spanish is growing as well. It would not be surprising
that as a condition to continue our bilateral trade at the same
level, or to increase it, a greater use of Spanish may be required. </span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">In regards to<a href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm?indid=32989-2&indgeo=0" target="_blank"> Indigenous languages</a>,
the results of this census will attract more attention. Numbers show
a decline in native speakers. But there is a note explaining that
collecting data from indigenous communities in times of COVID has
been challenging and some numbers might be incomplete. Are we doing enough to preserve those languages? This debate will
continue. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-50694990158151541002022-04-25T23:34:00.000-07:002022-04-25T23:34:02.419-07:00Sacred Books and Languages<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Here
I present my list of Sacred texts ordered by religion and the
language they were written in. This list can be improved. You can
contact the author if you find an error or you want to add some more information. Bear in
mind that the purpose of this list is not at all religious but
Academic. This list was not made to explain the purpose or message of
each text but their relations with their original language(s) and how
sacred are considered those languages. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Not
all books are accepted by all the followers of a religion, but are
sacred to just a group of them. With Christianity, for example, the
Bible is perhaps the only book accepted </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as
sacred</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
by all </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Christians,
but </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the
rest of the texts are accepted by specific christian churches. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">he
column “<i>Original</i>”, refers to whether we can find this text in its
original language or not (I do not talk about the original Text, which in most cases have been lost). Texts marked with</span><b> O</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> mean that we can find a copy of the texts in its Original language, </span><b>T</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> means that we only rely on translations and any original and copy was lost, and </span><b>?</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Means that we don’t know. </span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
column “<i>Sacred</i>” refers to whether the text in original language
is considered more sacred that translations. Those marked with </span><b>S</b> mean
that the language of the original text is considered as sacred and believers will appreciate more the use of an original text
than a translation, while those marked in <b>N</b> mean that the language is
not that important, you can read or even recite the text in your
language of preference. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sacred
Books : Christianity</span></span></p><p></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="104"></col>
<col width="101"></col>
<col width="167"></col>
<col width="41"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="165"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Book</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Name</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Languages</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="41"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>Original</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>Sacred</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Comments</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
Bible</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Τὰ
Βιβλία</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(The
Books)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hebrew,
Aramaic, Greek</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Some
translations of the Bible are considered as </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>Sacred
</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">and
some believers prefer to recite it in this Version without
translating it. Example, With the Bible in Latin or in Church
Slavonic</span>. </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Book
of Enoch</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hebrew,
Aramaic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">T</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Oldest
version known is in Ge’ez</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Apocrypha
Gospels</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hebrew,
Aramaic, Greek</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">?</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some
of them are lost</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Book
of Mormon</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">English</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">T</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There
are unconfirmed claims that it was written in an ancient language.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Doctrine
and Covenants</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">English</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Church
of JC of Later-Day Saints </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
Great Controversy</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">English</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Seventh
day Adventists Church</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
Holy <span lang="zxx">Piby</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">English</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">?</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rastafarian
book. There are claims that it was translated from Amharic</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="es-ES">Arcana
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="zxx">C</span></span><span style="font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="zxx">œ</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="zxx">lestia</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Neo-Latin
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">T</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Swedenborgian
Church</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kebra
Nagast</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The
Glory of the Kings</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ge’ez</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ethiopian
Orthodox Church</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Summa
Theologica</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Summary
of Theology </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Latin</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Catholic
Church. Works of Thomas Aquinas</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Book
of the Bee</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Ktabad
d-debborita</i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Syriac</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Book
of the Cave of Treasures </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Me’arath
Gazze</i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Syriac</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Roman
Missal</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Latin</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Book
of Hours</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Latin</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Abbreviated
form of the Breviary</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Horologion</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ώρολόγιον</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Часоловъ</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greek,
Church Slavonic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Equivalent
to the Breviary. Available in other languages used in the Eastern
Orthodox Church</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Euchologion</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Εὐχολόγιον
</span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Требникъ</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greek,
Church Slavonic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Liturgical
Book of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Available in other languages
used in EOC.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Didakhe</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="zxx">Διδαχή</span>
(Teaching)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greek</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ancient
Christian teachings. Lost for centuries</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="104"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fourfold
Gospel</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="101"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="167"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">English</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="41"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="165"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sacred
Books : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Judaism
</span></span></span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="102"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="163"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Book</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Languages</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Original</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Sacred</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Comments</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Torah</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">תורה</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Text
included in the Bible</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Samaritan Torah</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Text
included in the Bible. Minor Differences</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tanakh</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">תנ״ך </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew, Aramaic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hebrew
Bible</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Talmud</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">תלמוד</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew, Aramaic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Oral Tradition </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sefer Ha’Bahir</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">ספר הבהיר </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kabbalistic </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Zohar</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">ספר הזוהר</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Aramaic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Qumran</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">T</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Different Manuscripts</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Siddur</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">סידור</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew, Aramaic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Piyyut</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">פּיוט</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew, Aramaic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Liturgical
poems to be sung </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sefer Yetzirah</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">ספר יצירה </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Haggadah</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN">הגדה של פסח</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hebrew, Aramaic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Written
guide for Passover Seder</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sacred
Books : </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Islam and other
traditions </span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="102"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="163"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Book</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Languages</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Original</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Sacred</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Comments</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="369"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Islam</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Qur’an</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>القرآن</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hadith</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>حديث</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As-Seerah
An-Nabawiyyah</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>السيرة
النبوية</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Biographies
of prophets</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="369"><p align="center" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baha’i</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bayan</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Babism</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kitab-I-Aqdas</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>كتاب
اقدس</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kitab-I-Iqan</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>كتاب
ايقان</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic,
Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hidden
Words</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>كلمات
مكنونة</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic,
Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Collection
of short aphorism</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
Summons of the Lord of Hosts</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="right" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic,
Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Collection
of five tablets written to the rulers of the world</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="369"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Druze</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rasa’il
Al-Hikma</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>رسائل
الحكمة </b></span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">?</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Secret
text. Virtually unknown outside community</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="369"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mandeanism</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ginza</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mandaic
Aramaic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Qolusta</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mandaic
Aramaic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mandean
Book of John</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mandaic
Aramaic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="369"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gnosticism</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nag
Hammadi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Coptic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">?</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Originals
might be in Greek</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pistis
Sophia</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="el-GR">
<span style="font-size: small;">Πίστις Σοφία</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greek</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">T</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Texts
available in Coptic</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Corpus
Hermeticus</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greek</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">T</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Some
parts in original language are lost</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gnostic
Gospels</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greek,
Coptic</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">?</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: small;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sacred
Books : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zoroastrianism
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="102"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="163"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Book</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Languages</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Original</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Sacred</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Comments</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">Zend</span>
Avesta</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Avestan</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Original
composed by 21 parts called “<span lang="zxx">Nasks</span>”.
Today survive only 5 <span lang="zxx">Nasks</span> and some
fragments. </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gathas</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hymns
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Avestan</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Part
of <span lang="zxx">Yasna</span>, one of <span lang="zxx">Nasks</span>
that currently compose the <span lang="zxx">Zend</span> Avesta. </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Denkard</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Acts
of Religion</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">Pahlevi</span>
(Middle Persian)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">?</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="es-ES">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-CA">9</span><sup><span lang="en-CA">th</span></sup><span lang="en-CA">
century religious encyclopedia. Some parts might be translations
of lost parts of the ancient Avesta. </span><span lang="en-CA">Some
parts are lost.</span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bundahishn
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">Pazand</span>
(Middle Persian with different script) </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">?</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zxx">Bundahishn</span>
and Greater <span lang="zxx">Bundahishn</span>. Some parts might
be translations of lost parts of the ancient Avesta.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dadestan-i
Denig</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pahlevi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q&A
directed to an ancient High priest</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Menog-i
Khrad</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mind
of Wisdom</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pazand</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">?</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Some
parts might be translations of lost parts of the ancient Avesta</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zand-e
Vo</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">h</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">u</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">man
Yash</span></span>t</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pazand</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sad-Dar</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hundred
Doors</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shayest
Na-Shayest</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Proper
and Improper</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pahlevi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zadspram</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pahlevi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persian
Rivayats </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Series
of Letters written with <span lang="zxx">Avestan</span> letters</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Matigan-i
Hazar Dadestan</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pahlevi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Law
Book. Some parts are lost.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shikand
Gumanik Vijar</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pahlevi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sacred
Books : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Buddhism</span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 663px;">
<colgroup><col width="189"></col>
<col width="87"></col>
<col width="90"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Book</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Languages</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Original</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Sacred</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Comments</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Setting
in Motion the wheel of the Dharma</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pali</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">First Sermon Given by Buddha </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tripitaka </span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Three Baskets </span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pali</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There
are other Canons that use other languages, like the Sanskrit
Canon, Chinese Canon and Tibetan Canon. </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dhammapada</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pali</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Collection
of sayings of Buddha </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Visuddhimaga</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Path of Purification</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pali</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sutra Mahayana</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">T</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Part
of them survive in the Chinese and Tibetan canon</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Lotus Sutra</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">T</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Probably
written in Prakrit</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prajnaparamita</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
perfection of Wisdom</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vimalakirti
Nirdesha Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Diamond <span lang="zxx">Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mahayana <span lang="zxx">Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Heart <span lang="zxx">Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mahayana <span lang="zxx">Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Longer <span lang="zxx">Sukhavativyuha
Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Infinite Life <span lang="zxx">Sutra
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">T</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mahayana <span lang="zxx">Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="189"><p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bardo
Thödol </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="87"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="90"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tibetan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tibetan
Book of the Death.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sacred
Books : </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hind</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">uism
</span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="102"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="163"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Book</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Languages</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Original</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Sacred</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Comments</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vedas</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vedic
Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oldest
Religious texts written in Sanskrit, being <span lang="zxx">Rigveda</span>
the oldest</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Upanishad</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zxx">Shruti </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
Means: “which is heard” Most authoritative texts for this
religion. </span> </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brahmanas</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Explanations</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shruti </span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Samhita</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arrangement
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Manthrams,
Prayers, hymns, litanies. </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aranyaka</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shruti </span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Puranas</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Smriti :
Means :"Which is remembered. Written down. Some texts were
composed in Tamil</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Post-Vedic
Shastras</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smriti.
Post Vedic literature</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Post-Vedic
Sutras</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smriti</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mahabharata</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Smriti.
Epics of Ancient India</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bhagavad
Gita</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smriti</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ramayana</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smriti</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Agamas</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit,
Tamil, Telugu</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tantrism</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baudhayana
Shrauta Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Late
Vedic liturgical text. </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thevaram</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tamil</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">Shaiva</span>
Texts </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sacred
Books : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Other
Traditions India</span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="102"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="163"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Book</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Languages</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Original</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sacred</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Comments</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tattvartha
Sutra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
On the Nature of reality</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sanskrit</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Jainism</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Agama</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
Tradition</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sanskrit
and Maharashtri Prakrit</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Jainism </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shri
Guru Granth Sahib</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Persian,
Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Multani, medieval Prakrit and other
dialects. Written in Gurmukhi script.</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left">
Sikhs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Akilathirattu
Ammana</span>i </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tamil</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ayyavazhism</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arul
Nool</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tamil</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">O</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">S</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ayyavazhism</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sacred
Books : </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ta</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sm,
Confuc</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m
& Shintoism </span></span></span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="102"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="163"></col>
<col width="42"></col>
<col width="37"></col>
<col width="168"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Book</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Languages</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="42"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Original</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="37"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sacred</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Comments</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Five Classics</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>五經</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Chinese
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
N</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Traditional
Confucian cannon. Shijing, Shujing, Lijing, Yijing and Chunqiu. A
sixth text known as “Classic of Music” was lost</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yijing</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>易經
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Book
of Changes)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Chinese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
N</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Part
of Five Classics. Highly regarded in Taoism. Used for Divinaton.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
The Four Books</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>四书</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Chinese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
N</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Core
values and belief system in Confucianism. Great Learning, Doctrine
of the Mean, Mencius, Analects</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tao Te King</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>道德經</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Chinese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
S</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Taoism</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhuang
Zi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>莊子</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Chinese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
S</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Taoism</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Liezi</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>列子</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Chinese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
S</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Taoism</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kojiki</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: NSimSun;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-CN"><b>古事記
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Ancient
Chronicles)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Japanese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
S</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Shintoism</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nihongi</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Japanese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
N</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Shintoism</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="102"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kogo
Shui</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="163"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
Japanese</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="42"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
O</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="37"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
N</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="168"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Shintoism</span>.
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Oldest Written history of Japan.
Complements the earlier</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sacred
Books : </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Other Traditions </span></span>
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="142"></col>
<col width="107"></col>
<col width="89"></col>
<col width="105"></col>
<col width="180"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Book</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Languages</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Religion</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Comments</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arzhang</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Syriac</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Manichaeism</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Also
known as the Book of Pictures. The original was lost. Some copies
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">and translations </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
still exist but we don’t know </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">if
the full text exists.</span> </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kitêba
Cilweh</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
Book of Revelations </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kurmanji</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yezidism</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Original
text unknown outside Kurdish Community</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mishefa
Reş</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kurmanji</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yezidism</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Original
text unknown outside Kurdish Community</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Saranjâm</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>سه
ره نجام </b></span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gorani</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yarsanism</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Central
book </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Enuma
Elish</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zxx">Akkadian</span>
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Mesopotamian Religions </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">tablets
in cuneiform. Part of the texts were lost.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gilgamesh</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sumerian,
<span lang="zxx">Akkadian</span> </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Mesopotamian Religions </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Most
of the known text is in Akkadian. Probably oldest accounts in
Sumerian were lost</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Popol
Vuh</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">K’iche</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mayan
Religion</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mythology
and history of K’iche people. 4 books.</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chilam
Balam</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Secrets
of the Soothsayers </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maya,
Spanish</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mayan
Religion</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There
are different versions. Some parts are lost. Includes Myths and
prophecies </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edda</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Norse</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Norse
Myths</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Poetic
and Prose Edda</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="zxx">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hávamál</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sayings
of the High One</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Norse</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Norse
Myths</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Collections
of Poems. Parts of Edda. Words Attributed to Odin </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="is-IS">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Völuspá</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prophecies
of the <span lang="zxx">seeress </span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Norse</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Norse
Myths</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Best
known poem of Poetic Edda. The Creation of the world. Prophecies</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Book
of the Dead</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Old
Egyptian</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ancient
Egyptian Religions</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Collection
of funerary texts. Written in papyrus and originally carved in
tombs and coffins. There’s no single cannon, the most famous is
the Papyrus of <span lang="zxx">Ani</span> </span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left" lang="en-CA">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="142"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="107"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="89"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="180"><p align="left">
<br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><p>
<br /></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-68242144783776704982022-04-24T19:06:00.000-07:002022-04-24T19:06:06.491-07:00Sacred Languages <p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This
April is a ve</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y
special month for the 3 </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">major</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Abrahamic religions. Jewish are celebrating </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pesach</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
( </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>פסח</b><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
one of the most sacred festivals, from the evening of April 15</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
to April 23</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rd</span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Christians are celebrating Easter </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
April 17</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
although </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ost
orthodox and eastern Christians are celebrating on April 24</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
and Muslims are celebrating their holy month of Ramadan ( </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>رمضان
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
from the evening of April 1</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">st</span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
to May 1</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">st</span></span></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></sup>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
of the topics I wanted to talk about since long time ago is Sacred
languages. This topic is very complex and the definition very often
changes depending on who explains it and their religious point of
view. There are many kinds of Sacred languages and every religion has
a different use for it. Perhaps the most simple definition is the one
that I found <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_language" target="_blank">in Wikipedia</a>: “ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Any
language that is cultivated and used primarily </span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">religious</span></u></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
service</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(I changed a word here)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
or for other religious reasons by people who speak another primary
language in their daily lives</span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“ </span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">But
for those who want to understand better this topic, I recommend a
book that I read last year, “ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><b>Sacred
Languages of the World. An Introduction</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“, written by Brian Bennett, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
very well researched </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">book
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">that
explains the different roles assumed by those languages and how they
help to shape our own beliefs and practices. </span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>There
are many possible origins of a sacred language. It can be the
language spoken by a prophet, the language used to compose sacred
texts or just the language spoken by the ancestors of certain people<span lang="es-VE">s</span>
and still use<span lang="es-VE">d</span> today thanks to a set of
rituals kept throughout the times. Languages communicate, and sacred
languages are not the exception. They exist to pass a revelation or a
noble truth. Languages change, and at the same time the followers of
certain traditions are afraid of loosing connection with the original
message so they keep the language unchanged and flag it as sacred.
Sacred languages are not any more used for modern communications. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>Some
known sacred languages are: Hebrew in Judaism, Arabic for Muslims,
Latin in the Catholic church, Church Slavonic in many Eastern
Orthodox churches and some Catholic churches who keep Eastern rites,
<span lang="zxx">Avestan</span> for Zoroastrians, Sanskrit in
Hinduism and <span lang="zxx">Pali </span>in Buddhism. There are many
more. It is interesting to see living languages making this list like
Arabic and Hebrew. But the Arabic used in Islamic rituals is
classical Arabic, different from modern Arabic, and today <span lang="en-US">Arabic</span><span lang="es-VE">
</span>speakers need special training to understand it. Modern Hebrew
exists now, but is different from the language used in religious
ceremonies, and for many centuries, it was a dead language, used only
for religious purposes such as worship, scholastic learning or
meditation. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>Studying
a sacred language has its differences in regards to study a modern
language. When we study a sacred language, same as other classical
languages, we are not looking for fluency. To know how to produce
(Write new texts to express ideas) might not be that important.
Reading and Hearing are much more valuable skills. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>In
my life, I met with many instances where different sacred Languages
were used. I will talk about 3 of them who marked me. <span lang="zxx">Avestan</span>,
Hebrew and Slavonic. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>Having
a family from one side from Ukraine and the other from Russia, both
parts following different religions (Greek Catholic and Orthodox),
Having Slavonic in the middle means that both sides have a common
language for prayers. It did not matter which ceremonies I attended
and from which side, rituals and prayers were very similar. This
language means that I have a spiritual connection with the lands of
Eastern Europe where my family used to dwell </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>Hebrew
came later to my life. I was very interested in learning about
Judaism and later about Kabbalah. Hebrew language taught me that
there are concepts that you cannot always translate, no matter which
language I speak, there are some words that will transcend the
language barrier (Let’s use a simple example, when we talk about
<i>Kosher</i> food, it is much easier to say the word <i>kosher</i>
than explain each time what kind of food I am looking for, and now
many languages have adopted this term). Hebrew is a language that
allow certain <span lang="en-US">puns</span><span lang="es-VE"> </span>and
this taught me that there are different ways of doing something
without necessary call one of them right and wrong the other. Hebrew
is also a language that teaches that words have power. Kabbalah
considers that Hebrew alphabet is also sacred, and writing is risen
to a different dimension (A simple written word can be part of a deep
meditation). </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Avestan</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
came to my life at a later stage. It is a treasure, because it
connects you to the origins </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f
the Indo-European languages and to the Zoroastrian philosophy. It
connects to thoughts and tea</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hings
which can b</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">traced
to the mo</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
ancient time</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s,
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">perhaps
when humans started to question their relationship with the infinite.
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Avestan</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
teaches that </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">even
though </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">we
might think that we live in a chaotic world, the universe continues
its path </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">of
evolution and grow</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">th
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">according
to a universal </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rder
that remains unchanged. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
2018 I dedicated an article to this ancient language. You can read <a href="https://yuryjakymec.blogspot.com/2018/03/interesting-facts-about-avestan.html" target="_blank">it here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
regards to the festivals celebrated this month, here are some useful
words and expressions:</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>-
The word <span lang="zxx">Pesach</span> ( </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span><span lang="hi-IN"><b>פסח</b>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span>)
is in Hebrew. In English we say “Passover”, in Spanish is “<span lang="fr-CA">la
</span><span lang="es-VE">Pascua Judía”, </span>and in <span lang="fr-CA">F</span>rench
is <span lang="fr-CA">« la pâque » </span>I you want to
send greetings for this festival you can say:</span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Happy
Passover ! (English)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Joyeuse
Pâque / Bonnes fêtes de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pessah</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
! </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(French)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>חג
פסח שמח </b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chag
Pesach Sameach</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
(Hebrew)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Feliz
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pésaj</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">!
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Spanish)
</span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-
Easter is the English name of this festival. In Spanish is “</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pascua”,
“Pascua de Resurrección”, “Pascua Florida”,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
and in French is</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
« Pâques ».</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Happy
Easter (English)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Joyeuses
Pâques </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(French)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Feliz
Pascua / Feliz Pascua de Resurrección </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Spanish)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="tw-target-text"></a>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Orthodox
Easter (English) is called “ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pascua
Ortodoxa “ </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Spanish),
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">« Pâque »
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(French),
“ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="el-GR"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Πάσχα</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“ (Greek) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">and
“ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="uk-UA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Великдень</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Ukrainian)
[Meaning: “Great Day”. Similar expressions exist in Russian,
Belarusian, Bulgarian. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">It
is interesting to see that Slavic languages used outside the Orthodox
world, tend to use the word “</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">velika
noč</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”
Which means “Great Night”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r
Orthodox Easter you can say “</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Happy
Easter!”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">But
the traditional way is to greet and response: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hrist
is Risen! Resp: Truly, He is Risen!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="el-GR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Χριστὁς
άνέστη</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">R:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="el-GR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Άληθῶς
άνέστη! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Khristós</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anésti</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alithós</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anésti</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!]
(Greek)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="uk-UA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Христосъ
воскресе! Воистину воскресе!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
[Khristos voskrese! Voistinu voskrese!] (Church Slavonic) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ramadan
( </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>رمضان
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
the name of a month in the Islamic calendar. You can say “Happy
Ramadan!”, but greetings of Arabic origin are also appreciated. You
can also say: </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>رمضان
كريم </b><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[Ramadan
Karim], </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">meaning:
“Have a Noble Ramadan!”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
or </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>رمضان
مبارك </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[Ramadan
Mubarak], “</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Have
a Blessed Ramadan!”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
many religions, the language used to compose their main texts is
considered sacred. It is considered that if you want to better use or
understand the content of the text, you need to know how to use the
language. </span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
my next article, I provide a list of sacred texts of the different
religions and their original languages, A list I did not find before
and in which I have been working already for months. I hope this list
will be a contributions for those who want to understand better the
existence of the sacred texts and the religions they serve. </span></span></span></span>
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-32607131942078112062022-04-17T09:36:00.000-07:002022-04-17T09:36:37.315-07:00Langues Sacrées <p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Cet
avril est un mois très spécial pour les 3 grandes religions
abrahamiques. Les juifs fêtent </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pessah</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">פסח</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">),
l’une des fêtes les plus importantes, du soir 15 au 23 avril, les
chrétiens célèbrent Pâques le 17 avril, bien que la majorité des
chrétiens orthodoxes et orientaux la célèbrent le 24 avril, et les
musulmans fêtent le mois sacré du Ramadan (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">رمضان</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">)
depuis le soir du 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
avril au 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
mai. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L'un
des sujets dont je voulais parler depuis longtemps est celui des
langues sacrées. Ce sujet est très complexe et la définition
change très souvent en fonction de qui l'explique et de son point de
vue religieux. À mon avis, une langue sacrée est toute langue qui
est utilisée dans les services religieux ou pour d'autres motifs
religieux et qui est différent de la langue maternelle ou de la
langue utilisée dans les interactions quotidiennes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Mais
pour ceux qui veulent comprendre meilleur ce sujet, je recommande un
livre que j'ai lu l'année passée, « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Sacred
Languages of the World. An Introduction</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »
</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">(
Langues Sacrées du Monde. Une Introduction), écrit en anglais par
Brian Bennett, un livre très bien documenté qui explique les
différents rôles assumés par ces langues et comment elles aident à
façonner nos propres croyances et pratiques. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Il
y a beaucoup d'origines possibles d'une langue sacrée. Il peut être
la langue parlée par un prophète, ou celui qui a été utilisé
pour composer des textes sacrés ou simplement la langue parlée par
les ancêtres de certains peuples et qui sont utilisées de nos jours
grâce à un ensemble de rituels maintenus à travers les âges. Les
langues communiquent, et les langues sacrées ne sont pas
l'exception. Ils existent pour transmettre une révélation ou une
vérité noble. Les langues changent, ce pourquoi les adeptes de
certaines traditions ont peur de perdre la connexion avec le message
original, alors ils gardent la langue sans changements et ils la
qualifient de sacrée. Les langues sacrées ne sont pas utilisées
pour les communications modernes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Quelques
langues sacrées connues sont : L’hébreu dans le judaïsme,
l’arabe pour les musulmans, le latin dans l'église catholique, le
slavon d’église dans beaucoup d'églises orthodoxes orientales et
certaines églises catholiques qui maintiennent des rites orientaux,
l’avestique pour les zoroastriens, le sanskrit dans l'hindouisme et
le pâli dans le bouddhisme. Il y a beaucoup plus. Il est intéressant
de voir des langues vivantes sur cette liste telles que l'hébreu et
l'arabe. Mais l'arabe utilisé dans les rituels islamiques est
l'arabe classique, différent de l'arabe moderne. L'hébreu moderne
existe maintenant, mais il est différent à la langue utilisée dans
les cérémonies religieuses, et pendant beaucoup de siècles, a été
une langue morte, utilisée seulement pour des fins religieuses comme
le culte, l'apprentissage scolaire ou la méditation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Étudier
une langue sacrée ou une langue moderne a ses différences. Lorsque
nous étudions une langue sacrée, comme d'autres langues classiques,
nous ne cherchons pas la fluidité. Écrire de nouveaux textes pour
exprimer des idées n’est pas si important. Lire et écouter sont
des habilités plus précieuses. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Dans
ma vie, j'ai rencontré de nombreux cas où différentes langues
sacrées ont été utilisées. Je vais parler de 3 d'entre eux qui
m'ont marquée. L’avestique, l’hébreu et le slavon d’église. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Avoir
une famille mixte où la famille de mon père est ukrainienne et la
famille de ma mère est russe, et les deux parties suivant des
religions différentes (grecque-catholique et orthodoxe), avoir le
slavon d’église au milieu signifie que les deux ont un langage
commun pour prier. Il n'importait pas à quelles cérémonies je
vais, les cérémonials et les prières sont très similaires. Cette
langue signifie que j'ai une connexion spirituelle avec les terres de
l'Europe de l'Est où vivait ma famille. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L'hébreu
est venu plus tard dans ma vie. J'étais très intéressé à
apprendre sur le judaïsme et plus tard sur la Kabbale. La langue
hébraïque m'a enseigné qu'il y a des concepts qui ne peuvent pas
toujours être traduits, il n'importe pas quelle langue vous parlez,
il y a quelques mots qui transcenderont la barrière de la langue
(nous utilisions un exemple simple, quand on parle d’un aliment
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Casher</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
il est plus facile de dire le mot</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
casher </span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">que
d'expliquer que type de repas nous cherchons ; beaucoup de langues
ont adopté ce terme). L'hébreu est une langue qui permet certains
jeux de mots et ceci m'a enseigné qu'il y a différentes façons de
faire à quelque chose sans appeler d’unes correctes et d'autres
incorrectes. L'hébreu est aussi une langue qui enseigne que les mots
ont pouvoir. La Kabbale considère que l’alphabet hébreu est
également sacré, et l'écriture s'élève à une dimension
différente (un simple mot écrit peut faire partie d'une méditation
profonde). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L’avestique
est venu dans ma vie à une étape postérieure. C’est tout un
trésor, parce qu'il vous relie aux origines des langues
indo-européennes et à la philosophie zoroastrienne. Il est lié à
des pensées et à des enseignements qui remontent aux temps plus
anciens, lorsque les hommes ont commencé à questionner sur leur
relation avec l'infini. L’avestique enseigne que bien que nous
pouvons penser que nous vivons dans un monde chaotique, l'univers
continue son chemin d'évolution et de croissance selon un ordre
universel qui reste inchangé. En 2018 j'ai dédié un article à
cette ancienne langue. Vous pouvez <a href="https://yuryjakymec.blogspot.com/2018/03/interesting-facts-about-avestan.html" target="_blank">lire ici</a>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="de-LU"><u><a class="western" href="../../../../OneDrive/Documents/Translations/Fran%C3%A7ais/%20https://yuryjakymec.blogspot.com/2018/03/interesting-facts-about-avestan.html%20%20%20"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></a></u></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">V</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ici
quelques mots et expressions utiles </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pour
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les
festivals décrits ici </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">-
Le mot </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><i>Pessah</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">פסח</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">)
est en hébreu. En français c'est « la pâque ».</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
En e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">spagnol
c'est « la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pascua
Judía</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nglais
nous disons « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Passover</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> ».
Si vous voulez envoyer des salutations pour ce festival vous pouvez
dire :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Joyeuse
Pâque/Bonnes fêtes de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pessah</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
! (Français)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Feliz </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pésaj</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
! (Espagnol) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
</li><li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Happy
Passover </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">!
(Anglais)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">חג
פסח שמח</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Chag
Pesaj Sameach</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">]
(hébreu)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">-
Pâques est le nom que en français nous donnons à cette festivité.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">En
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">espagnol</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pascua</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> ».Aussi
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s’appelle
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">« </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pascua</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
Resurrección</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »,
« </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pascua</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Florida</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> ».
En Anglais est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Easter</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Joyeuses
Pâques (français)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Happy
Easter</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
(anglais)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Feliz
Pascua / Feliz Pascua de Resurrección </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
(espagnol) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;"><a name="tw-target-text"></a>
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">-
La Pâque orthodoxe on appelle « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Orthodox
Easter</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »
(anglais), « Pâque » (français), « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Πάσχα »
[Pasja</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">]
(grec) et « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Великдень</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »
[</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Velykdeñ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">]
(ukrainien) [Signification : Un grand jour. Des expressions
similaires existent en russe, biélorusse, bulgare. Il est
intéressant que les langues slaves utilisées en dehors du monde
orthodoxe, ont tendance à utiliser le mot « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">velika
noč</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> »
qui signifie « Grande Nuit »].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pour
Pâque orthodoxe on peut dire « Joyeuse Pâque ! ». Mais
la manière traditionnelle est de saluer et de répondre : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Christ
a ressuscité ! Réponse : , Il a vraiment ressuscité !</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Χριστὁς
άνέστη ! R : Άληθῶς άνέστη ! [Khristós anésti
! Alithós anésti </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">!]
(Grec)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Христосъ
воскресе ! Воистину воскресе ! [Khristos
voskrese ! Voistinu voskrese</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
!] ( Slavon d’église ) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Ramadan
( </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">رمضان</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">)
est le nom d'un mois dans le calendrier islamique. Vous pouvez dire
« Bon Ramadan ! », mais les salutations d'origine arabe
sont également appréciées. Vous pouvez dire : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">رمضان
كريم</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">[Ramadan
Karim], qui signifie : « Ramadan généraux ! » ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="hi-IN"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans, sans-serif;">رمضان
مبارك</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">[Ramadan
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Moubarak</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">],
« Que le Ramadan soit Béni ! » </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-29460688195376650912022-04-16T12:13:00.000-07:002022-04-16T12:13:07.154-07:00Lenguas Sagradas<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Este
abril es un mes muy especial para las 3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">grandes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">religiones
abrahámicas. Los judíos están celebrando Pésaj (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>פסח</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
uno de los festivales más sagrados, desde la noche del 15 de abril
hasta el 23 de abril, los cristianos están celebrando la Pascua el
17 de abril, aunque la mayoría de los cristianos ortodoxos y
orientales</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">están
celebrando el 24 de abril, y los musulmanes están celebrando su mes
sagrado de Ramadán (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>رمضان
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
desde la noche del 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de abril al</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
mayo. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Uno
de los temas de los que quería hablar desde hace mucho tiempo </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
el referente a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
las lenguas sagradas. Este tema es muy complejo y la definición
cambia muy a menudo dependiendo de quién lo explique y de su punto
de vista religioso. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Desde
mi punto de vista </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">una
lengua sagrada es cualquier idioma que se usa en servicios religiosos
o por otros motivos religiosos y diferente a la lengua materna o al idioma usado en las interacciones diarias. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pero
para aquellos que quieran entender mejor este tema, les recomiendo un
libro que leí el año pasado, "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Sacred
Languages of the World. An Introduction</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
", </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Lenguas
Sagradas del Mundo. </b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>U</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>n</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>a</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Introducción
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">escrito</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
inglés</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">por
Brian Bennett, un libro muy bien investigado que explica los
diferentes roles asumidos por esos idiomas y cómo ayudan a dar forma
a nuestras propias creencias y prácticas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hay
muchos orígenes posibles de una lengua sagrada. Puede ser el idioma
hablado por un profeta, <span lang="es-VE">o </span>el <span lang="es-VE">que
se </span><span lang="es-VE">utiliz</span><span lang="es-VE">ó </span>para
componer textos sagrados o simplemente el idioma hablado por los
antepasados de <span lang="es-VE">ciert</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span>
<span lang="es-VE">p</span><span lang="es-VE">u</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span><span lang="es-VE">blos
</span>y que <span lang="es-VE">se </span><span lang="es-VE">us</span><span lang="es-VE">an
en nuestr</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">s días</span>
gracias a un conjunto de rituales mantenidos a lo largo de los
tiempos. Las lenguas comunican, y las lenguas sagradas no son la
excepción. Existen para pasar una revelación o una noble verdad.
Los idiomas cambian, <span lang="es-VE">por lo que </span>los
seguidores de ciertas tradiciones tienen miedo de perder la conexión
con el mensaje original, por lo que mantienen el idioma sin cambios y
<span lang="es-VE">lo califican </span>como sagrado. Las lenguas
sagradas no se utilizan para las comunicaciones modernas. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Algunas
lenguas sagradas conocidas son: Hebreo en el judaísmo, árabe para
los musulmanes, latín en la iglesia católica, eslavo eclesiástico
en muchas iglesias ortodoxas orientales y algunas iglesias católicas
que mantienen ritos orientales, Avestan para los zoroastrianos,
sánscrito en el hinduismo y pali en el budismo. <span lang="es-VE">Hay
much</span><span lang="es-VE">a</span><span lang="es-VE">s m</span><span lang="es-VE">á</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span>.
Es interesante ver lenguas vivas en esta lista como el árabe y el
hebreo. Pero el árabe utilizado en los rituales islámicos es el
árabe clásico, diferente del árabe moderno. El hebreo moderno
existe ahora, pero es diferente <span lang="es-VE">a la lengua usada
</span>en las ceremonias religiosas, y durante muchos siglos, fue un<span lang="es-VE">a
lengua</span> muert<span lang="es-VE">a</span>, utilizad<span lang="es-VE">a</span>
solo para fines religiosos como el culto, el aprendizaje escolar o la
meditación. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Estudiar
un idioma sagrado tiene sus diferencias en lo que respecta a estudiar
un idioma moderno. Cuando estudiamos un lenguaje sagrado, al igual
que otros idiomas clásicos, no estamos buscando fluidez. Saber
producir (Escribir nuevos textos para expresar ideas) puede no ser
tan importante. La lectura y la audición son habilidades mucho más
valiosas. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En
mi vida, me encontré con muchos casos en los que se usaban
diferentes lenguas sagradas. Hablaré de 3 de ellos que me<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">han</span><span lang="es-VE"> marca</span><span lang="es-VE">d</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span>.
Avestan, hebreo y eslavo <span lang="es-VE">eclesiástico</span>. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tener
una familia de un lado de Ucrania y el otro de Rusia, ambas partes
siguiendo diferentes religiones (greco-católica y ortodoxa), tener<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">el </span>eslavo<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">eclesiástico </span>en el medio significa
que ambos lados tienen un lenguaje común para <span lang="es-VE">rezar</span>.
No importaba a qué ceremonias asistía y de qué lado, los rituales
y las oraciones eran muy similares. Este idioma significa que tengo
una conexión espiritual con las tierras de Europa del Este donde mi
familia solía vivir. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">El
hebreo llegó más tarde a mi vida. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Yo
estaba </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">muy
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">interesa</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">do</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en aprender sobre el judaísmo y más tarde sobre la Cabalá. El
idioma hebreo me enseñó que hay conceptos que no siempre se pueden
traducir, no importa qué idioma hable, hay algunas palabras que
trascenderán la barrera del idioma (Usemos un ejemplo simple, cuando
hablamos de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
comida</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kosher</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
es mucho más fácil decir la palabra </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">kosher</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
que explicar </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
tipo de comida </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tamos
buscando;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
muchos idiomas han adoptado este término). El hebreo es un idioma
que permite </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ciert</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ju</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">palabras
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y
esto me enseñó que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hay
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">diferentes
formas de hacer algo sin llamar correct</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
unas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
incorrect</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">otr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
El hebreo es también un idioma que enseña que las palabras tienen
poder. La Cabalá considera que el alfabeto hebreo es también
sagrado, y la escritura se eleva a una dimensión diferente (una
simple palabra escrita puede ser parte de una profunda meditación). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Avestan
llegó a mi vida en una etapa posterior. Es </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">todo
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
tesoro, porque te conecta con los orígenes de las lenguas
indoeuropeas y con la filosofía </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">zoro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">stri</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Se conecta con pensamientos y enseñanzas que se remontan a los
tiempos más antiguos, tal vez cuando los humanos comenzaron a
cuestionar su relación con el infinito. Avestan enseña que a pesar
de que podríamos pensar que vivimos en un mundo caótico, el
universo continúa su camino de evolución y crecimiento de acuerdo
con un orden universal que permanece sin cambios. En 2018 dediqué un
artículo a esta antigua lengua. Lo puedes <a href="https://yuryjakymec.blogspot.com/2018/03/interesting-facts-about-avestan.html" target="_blank">leer aquí</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Con
respecto a los festivales celebrados este mes, aquí hay algunas
palabras y expresiones útiles:</span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-
La palabra Pésaj (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>פסח</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
está en hebreo. En español es "la Pascua Judía",</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inglés
decimos "Passover" y en francés es "la pâque" .
Si deseas enviar saludos para este festival puedes decir:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">¡Feliz
Pésaj! (Español) </span></span></span>
</p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Joyeuse
Pâque / Bonnes fêtes de Pessah ! (Francés)</span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Happy
Passover! <span lang="es-VE">(Inglés)</span></span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="fr-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="de-LU"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">חג
פסח שמח </span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[Chag
Pesaj Sameach] (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ebreo)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-
<span lang="es-VE">Pascua es el nombre que en español le damos a
esta fiesta. También lo llamamos </span>"Pascua de
Resurrección", "Pascua Florida". <span lang="es-VE">
En inglés es </span>"<span lang="en-CA">Easter</span>"<span lang="es-VE">
</span>y en francés es "Pâques".</span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Feliz
Pascua / Feliz Pascua de Resurrección (<span lang="es-VE">espa</span><span lang="es-VE">ñ</span><span lang="es-VE">ol</span>)
</span></span></span>
</p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Joyeuses
Pâques (francés)</span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Happy
Easter <span lang="es-VE">(inglés)</span></span></span></span></p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="tw-target-text"></a>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pascua
ortodoxa se llama " </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ort</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">odox
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ster</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
" (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inglés</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
« Pâque » (francés), " Πάσχα " </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pasja</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(griego)
y " Великдень " </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Velykdeñ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(ucraniano)
[Significado: Un gran día. Expresiones similares existen en ruso,
bielorruso, búlgaro. Es interesante ver que las lenguas eslavas
utilizadas fuera del mundo ortodoxo, tienden a usar la palabra "
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">velika
noč " que significa "Gran Noche"].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Para
la Pascua ortodoxa se puede decir "¡Feliz Pascua!". Pero
la forma tradicional es saludar y responder: </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<ul>
<li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">¡Cristo
ha resucitado! Resp: ¡Verdaderamente, Él ha resucitado!</span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Χριστὁς
άνέστη! R : Άληθῶς άνέστη! [Khristós anésti!
Alithós anésti!] (Griego)</span></span></span></p>
</li><li><p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Христосъ
воскресе! Воистину воскресе! [Khristos
voskrese! Voistinu voskrese!] (Eslavo eclesiástico) </span></span></span>
</p>
</li></ul>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ramadán
( </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>رمضان
</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
es el nombre de un mes en el calendario islámico. Puedes decir
"¡Feliz Ramadán!", pero también se agradecen los saludos
de origen árabe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">puede
decir: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>رمضان
كريم </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[Ramadan
Karim], que significa: "¡Ten un Noble Ramadán!" o </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>رمضان
مبارك </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[Ramadán
Mubarak], "¡</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Que
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ten</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
un Ramadán Bend</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ecido</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">!"
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-8078410114486904012022-04-05T21:48:00.002-07:002022-04-05T21:51:12.060-07:00Faits intéressantes sur les langues scandinaves<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
Rapport Mondial du Bonheur (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">WHR</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
par ses sigles en Anglais) a récemment publié son <a href="https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/happiness-benevolence-and-trust-during-covid-19-and-beyond/#ranking-of-happiness-2019-2021" target="_blank">classement 2022</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Une
des choses que nous remarquons de ce classement mondial, est que les
3 premiers pays sont nordiques : La Finlande (1), le Danemark (2) et
l'Islande (3). si nous étendons cette liste aux 10 premiers pays de
ce classement nous trouverons que la Suède a occupé le poste 7</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et la Norvège le 8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Il signifie que tous les 5 pays nordiques indépendants se trouvent
entre les 10 pays mieux classés du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">WHR</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Signifie
ceci qu'avons-nous besoin d'apprendre à parler une langue nordique
pour être plus heureux ? Je n'ai pas la réponse à cette question.
Mais il n'y a pas doute que les pays nordiques, sont collectivement
mieux classées par le <span lang="zxx">WHR</span>. Voici quelques
faits intéressants sur les langues nordiques. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><b>1.
- Nordique, scandinave : Sont la même chose ? </b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Beaucoup
de personnes confondent les termes nordique et scandinave. Mais ils
ne sont pas le même mot. Politiquement, il y a 8 <a href="https://norden.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Fragesport-Vad-vet-du-om-norden.pdf" target="_blank">pays nordiques</a> :
Danemark, Islande, Finlande, Norvège, Suède, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Î</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Féroé, Groenland et</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Åland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Les premières 5 sont des états souverains, tandis que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
Î</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Féroé et le Groenland sont des pays constitutifs dans le royaume d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Danemark et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Åland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est une région autonome de la Finlande. Mais il y a seulement 3 pays
scandinaves : Le Danemark, la Norvège et la Suède. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Selon
cette explication, il y a seulement 3 <a href="https://svenskaspraket.si.se/skandinaviska-for-nyborjare/" target="_blank">langues scandinaves</a> : Danois,
suédois et norvégien. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais quand nous parlerons de <a href="https://www.norden.org/sv/information/de-nordiska-spraken" target="_blank">langues nordiques</a>, avec les langues
scandinaves, nous devons inclure </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">islandais,
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ïen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fin</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nois</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">groenland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ai</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sâme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
autres langues. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais
les significations de ces termes changent aussi avec la langue. Ce
que j'ai expliqué est valable pour les langues scandinaves</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
en anglais </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(j'ai
vérifié </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">termes
en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">suédois).
Mais si tu lis </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
français ou espagnol, les deux mots sont synonymes. Vous pouvez
consulter le dictionnaire <a href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Scandinavie/143442" target="_blank">Larousse</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et le dictionnaire de <a href="https://dle.rae.es/escandinavo" target="_blank">l'académie royale</a> de la langue espagnole. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">outes
les <a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/languages.htm" target="_blank">langues</a> nordiques</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">appartiennent
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pas
à </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
même famille. Danois, norvégien, suédois, islandais et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ïen
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sont
des langues Indo-européennes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nord-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">germ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ni</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ques</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Le </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">noi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sont des langues </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inno-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gri</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
le </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roenland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ais
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
une langue eskimo-aléoute. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2.
- Langues scandinaves : Mutuellement intelligibles ?</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
versions standard</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anois,
suédois et norvégien sont mutuellement intelligibles. Pour les
réunions du <a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">Conseil Nordique</a>, aucun service d'interprétation n’e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">st
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">offe</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rt
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entre
ces 3 langues. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>L'intelligibilité
n'est pas absolue. <span lang="fr-CA">Les facteurs à </span>considérer
<span lang="fr-CA">sont </span>le niveau d'éducation, les dialectes
<span lang="fr-CA">e</span><span lang="fr-CA">t </span>l'expérience.
</span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Bien
que ce qui est islandais et le <span lang="fr-CA">f</span><span lang="fr-CA">é</span><span lang="fr-CA">ro</span><span lang="fr-CA">ïen
</span>appartiennent<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">à</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>la même branche, ils ne sont pas intelligibles avec les
langues scandinaves. Quand on <span lang="fr-CA">parle </span>islandais
dans le Conseil Nordique, des services d'interprétation s'offrent. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Généralement,
les personnes<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">qui
parlent </span>islandais peuvent lire<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">le</span><span lang="fr-CA">
f</span><span lang="fr-CA">é</span><span lang="fr-CA">ro</span><span lang="fr-CA">ïen</span>,
mais ils ne le comprennent pas quand <span lang="fr-CA">la langue est
</span><span lang="fr-CA">parl</span><span lang="fr-CA">é</span><span lang="fr-CA">e</span>.
</span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3.
- Si<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">vous avez un</span>
problème de compréhension, utilisez <span lang="fr-CA">l'</span><span lang="fr-CA">a</span><span lang="fr-CA">nglais</span>
!</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
n'est pas étrange </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">soit
parlé lors de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réunions
entre représentants de différents pays nordiques. La majorité
peuvent comprendre </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
meilleur que d'autres langues nordiques. Les </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">citoyens
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
ces pays étudient </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l'école, voient beaucoup de films en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais,
voyagent beaucoup, et comme résultat final, dans tous les pays
nordiques (à l'exception du Groenland), plus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
92% de la population peut parler et <a href="https://nordicperspective.com/culture/language/english-only-in-scandinavia-and-nordics" target="_blank">écrire en </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://nordicperspective.com/culture/language/english-only-in-scandinavia-and-nordics" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aussi
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
langue </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">germ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et
a beaucoup de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">points
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">communes
avec les langues </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">germ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aniques
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ici. Les universités de ces pays offrent des programmes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">enseignés
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>4.
- Son propre alphabet</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Avant
d'adopter l'alphabet latin, la Scandinavie avait son propre système
d'écriture :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’alphabet
runique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
spécifiquement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">uthark</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nordique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(lui
on appelle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">uthark</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">par</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tir
du</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nom de ses 6 premières lettres f-u-th-a-r-k). Les </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">run</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ont été utilisées dans toute l'Europe, mais la version </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">urthak</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nordique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
l'écriture</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">runique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">utilisée
pour écrire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
vieux norrois</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Vo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ici
un exemple d'un texte</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">runique
en vieux norrois. Vous pouvez lire plus en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
<a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/oldnorse.htm" target="_blank">Omniglot</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᚠᛆᚦᛅᛦ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᚢᚭᛦ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᛋᚭᛘ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᛆᛋᛐ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᛁ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᚼᛁᛘᛚᚢᛘ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Faðer
uor som ast i himlum,… <span lang="fr-CA">V</span><span lang="fr-CA">ie</span><span lang="fr-CA">ux
norrois </span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Notre
</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Père,
qui es dans les cieux</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,….
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">français</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>5.
- Caractères nordiques</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
langues nordiques ont un ensemble intéressant de caractères qui
sont </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rares
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
d'autres parties du monde où l'écriture latine </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
utilisée</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ils incluent les caractères : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Æ-æ,
Ø-ø, Å-å, Ð-ð</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Þ-þ.
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">J</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
te laisse ici un guide de prononciation en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">P</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="98"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="98"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caractère</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Islandais</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="fr-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Féroïen</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Danois</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Norvégien</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Suédois</span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Æ-æ</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>ai
</span></span></span>
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ɛa/a/e
:</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ɛ/ɛ
:</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">æ/ɛ
:</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ø-ø</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ø</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ø</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ø</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Å-å</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ᴐ</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ᴐ</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">o/ᴐ</span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ð-ð</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">ð</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Muette</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Þ-þ</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">/ɵ/</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>6.
- Quel norvégien ?</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il
y a 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">standard
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">officielles
de norvégien</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
l’écrit</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.skapago.eu/en/bokmal-nynorsk/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bokmål</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nynorsk</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">norvégiens
écrivent généralement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
de ces </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">varia</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais tendent à parler en dialecte. Le gouvernement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">offre
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">servi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ces</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans les deux langues. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tout
le monde </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">appren</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
deux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'école,
mais ensuite </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ils
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">choisissent
quel</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">variante
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ils</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">veulent
utiliser dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leur
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vie
quotidienne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>7.
- Islandais : Langue inaltérée</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Entre
les langues </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nord-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">germ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aniques</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/germanico/germanosep/escandinavooc/islandes" target="_blank">l’</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/germanico/germanosep/escandinavooc/islandes" target="_blank">islandais</a>
est </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
langue la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
plus proche</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">du
vieux </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nor</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Il a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">très
peu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">changé
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
il a conservé de nombreux </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">arc</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ïsmes
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
sa grammaire. Les écoliers islandais peuvent lire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anciennes
sagas nordiques dans leur forme originale </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sans
presque aucune difficulté</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a name="tw-target-text"></a><a name="tw-target-text1"></a>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
croit que l'isolement de l'Islande a contribué à maintenir la
langue avec peu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">changement</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mais il est remarquable que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
islandais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">refusent
généralement d'incorporer de nouveaux mots à la langue pour nommer
de nouvelles inventions. Nous pouvons voir des mots comme «
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rafmagn</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
» pour électricité (littéralement il signifie « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">issance
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'ambre »),
ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">«
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">útvarp</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
Radio. ( </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">út</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
= sortie et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">varp</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
= projection). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="zxx" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>8.
- Islandais : aussi la langue la plus uniforme.</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="fr-CA">L’</span>islandais<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">a</span><span lang="fr-CA"> </span>non
seulement été maintenu<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">au
fil du </span>temps avec très peu de changements, mais<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">est également res</span>té<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">inchangé </span>entre les différentes
régions d'Islande. <span lang="fr-CA">I</span>l n'y a pas de
dialectes. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><b>9.
- Suédois et danois : 2 Genres, mais non Masculin/Féminin. </b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">À
l'origine, toutes les langues nordiques indo-européennes avaient 3
genres : masculin, féminin et neutre. C'est toujours le cas pour
l'islandais, le norvégien et le <span lang="fr-CA">f</span><span lang="fr-CA">é</span><span lang="fr-CA">ro</span><span lang="fr-CA">ïen</span>.</span></span></span></p><p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">Le
suédois et le danois ont évolué dans un <a href="https://gerdcarling.se/blog/how-scandinavian-languages-got-two-genders" target="_blank">système de 2 genres</a>, mais
non masculin ou féminin comme d'autres langues, mais commun et
neutre, où le type commun est une fusion du masculin et féminin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>10.
- Tu peux utiliser des nombres pour maudire .</b></span></span></span></p><p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
suédois, tu peux utiliser certains nombres pour <a href="https://stptrans.com/swearing-in-the-nordic-languages/" target="_blank">exprimer ta frustration</a> quand quelque chose </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne
va pa</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s.
Tu peux s'exclamer « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sjutton
! </span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">»</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(Dix-sept) qui est utilisé comme euphémisme pour d'autres mots
comme « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Satan</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
ou « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Skitt</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">merd</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e)
qui sont plus grossier. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Autre
nombre utilisé comme euphémisme est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Attans</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
(dix-huit), pour </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
mot </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">« </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fan</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
(diable). L'idée d'utiliser des nombres pour jurer est venue d'une
époque où utiliser des termes religieux pour maudire était une des
pires choses que tu pouvais faire. Les</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chiffres
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
étaient déjà attachés à ces </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">expressions
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parce
que c'était une façon de les amplifier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
dira juste le chiffre </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">et</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tout</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">monde
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">saura
déjà ce </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
veu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Tu peux aussi utiliser « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/OnapEq/fy-tusan-vad-vi-svar-nufortiden" target="_blank">Tusan</a>
! »</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(Ancienne manière suédoise pour le nombre mille) qui est utilisé
comme les expressions </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Hell</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Damn</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en Anglais. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><b>11.
- Un système de numération<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">bizarre</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span></b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Le
<span lang="fr-CA">d</span>anois a une façon très particulière de
compter. <span lang="fr-CA">Ce</span><span lang="fr-CA">la</span> est
évident <span lang="fr-CA">lors</span><span lang="fr-CA">qu</span><span lang="fr-CA">e
l’</span>on compte des nombres<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">supérieurs
à </span>20, et plus intéressant quand on compte des nombres plus
grands de 49. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.kbh-sprogcenter.dk/en/blog/learn-danish-numbers/" target="_blank">Les nombres</a> entre 1 et 20 sont </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ir</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
à leur équivalent en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais.
À partir </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
21, les </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chiffres
se disent </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en
ordre inverse qu’en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nglais
ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">français</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Exemple, 23 est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">reogtyve</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">»
(Trois et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ingt).
Mais compter </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">us
de 49 peut être compliqué, puisqu'il </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é
sur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le système </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vig</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">simal</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
60 est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tres</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
qui est la forme abrégée</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">« </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tresindtyve</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
(3 fois 20) ; 80 est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">firs</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
(4 fois 20). Mais 50 est « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">halvtreds</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
[(3 - 1/2) x 20]. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
même système</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s’applique
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pour
dire l'heure : Quand tu écouteras : « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Klokken
halv seks om morgenen</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> »
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cela
signifie qu’il est </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5h30
du matin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><b>12.
- <span lang="fr-CA">Plusieurs d</span>es langues<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">coexistent </span><span lang="fr-CA"> </span></b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
langues d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ifférentes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
coexistent dans ce secteur. D'abord, nous avons 8 <a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">langues qui ont
</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">statu</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">t
official</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dans
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">un
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pays
nordique ou seulement dans quelques secteurs. Ceux-ci sont danois
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">langue
officielle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
au Danemark), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ïen
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Î</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">les
Féroé), islandais (Islande), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">K</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">alaallisut
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(ou
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">groenland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ai</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">officielle
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">au
Groenland), norvégien (Norvège), langues </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sâ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">officielle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dans quelques secteurs</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
Finlande, la Norvège et de la Suède), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nnois
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Finlande)
et suédois (la Suède, la Finlande et la région de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Åland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tous
les pays nordiques (sauf l'Islande) ont signé et ont ratifié la
charte </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uropéenne
des </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.coe.int/fr/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/signatures-and-ratifications" target="_blank"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">angues
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">égionales
ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inoritaires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
La Suède reconnaît comme langues minoritaires : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fin</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nois,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de Lule, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eänkieli,
S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du nord, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du sud, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Roman</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et Yiddish. La Norvège reconnaît : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kven,
S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de Lule, S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du Nord, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du Sud, Romanes et Roman</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
La Finlande reconnaît : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sâme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Inari,
Car</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">li</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
du </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ord,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sâme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Skolt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Roman</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Russe, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tar</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et Yiddish, tandis </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
la langue suédoise est officielle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
Danemark reconnaît l'allemand comme langue minoritaire. L'Islande
n'a pas de langues minoritaires. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-16867902186140538992022-04-04T19:32:00.002-07:002022-04-04T19:37:09.402-07:00Datos interesantes sobre las lenguas Escandinavas<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">El
Informe Mundial de la Felicidad (WHR </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">por
sus siglas en inglés</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
publicó recientemente su </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/happiness-benevolence-and-trust-during-covid-19-and-beyond/#ranking-of-happiness-2019-2021" target="_blank">ranking</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/happiness-benevolence-and-trust-during-covid-19-and-beyond/#ranking-of-happiness-2019-2021" target="_blank">
2022</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Una
de las cosas que notamos de este ranking mundial de felicidad, es que
los 3 países líderes son nórdicos: Finlandia (1), Dinamarca (2) e
Islandia (3). si ampliamos esta lista a los 10 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">primeros
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">países
de este ranking encontraremos que Suecia ocupó el puesto 7</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mo</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
y Noruega </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">el</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vo</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Significa que </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">todos
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">los
5 países nórdicos independientes se encuentran entre los 10 países
mejor clasificados de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
WHR. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">¿Significa
esto que necesitamos aprender a hablar un idioma nórdico para ser
más felices? <span lang="es-VE">No tengo respuesta a e</span>sta
pregunta. Pero no hay duda de que los países <span lang="es-VE">nórdic</span><span lang="es-VE">o</span><span lang="es-VE">s</span>,
son colectivamente los mejor clasificados en términos de qué países
son los<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">más</span><span lang="es-VE">
</span>felices. He aquí algunos datos interesantes sobre las lenguas
nórdicas</span><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.-
Nórdico, Escandinavo: ¿Son lo mismo? </b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">Muchas
personas confunden los términos nórdico y escandinavo. Pero no son
la misma palabra, y esto también afecta a los idiomas. Políticamente
hay 8 <a href="https://norden.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Fragesport-Vad-vet-du-om-norden.pdf" target="_blank">países nórdicos</a>: Dinamarca, Islandia, Finlandia, Noruega,
Suecia, Islas Feroe, Groenlandia y Åland. Los primeros 5 son estados
soberanos, mientras que las Islas Feroe y Groenlandia son países
constituyentes en el Reino de Dinamarca y Åland es una región
autónoma de Finlandia. Pero solo hay 3 países escandinavos:
Dinamarca, Noruega y Suecia. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Según
esta explicación, solo hay 3 idiomas <a href="https://svenskaspraket.si.se/skandinaviska-for-nyborjare/#:~:text=De%20tre%20skandinaviska%20spr%C3%A5ken%20talas,finns%20mellan%20dem%20och%20svenska" target="_blank">escandinavos</a>: Danés, sueco y
noruego. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pero cuando hablamos de <a href="https://www.norden.org/sv/information/de-nordiska-spraken" target="_blank">lenguas nórdicas</a>, junto con las lenguas
escandinavas, tenemos que incluir el islandés, el feroés, el
finlandés, el groenlandés, el saami y otras lenguas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pero
los significados de esos términos también cambian con el idioma.
Lo que expliqué es válido para el inglés y las lenguas
escandinavas (verifiqué fuentes en sueco). Pero si lees fuentes
francesas o españolas, ambas palabras son </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sinónim</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Usted puede consultar el diccionario</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Scandinavie/143442" target="_blank">Larousse</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">y
el diccionario de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Real
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">academia
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://dle.rae.es/escandinavo" target="_blank">lengua española</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">No
todas los <a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/languages.htm" target="_blank">idiomas</a> nórdicos pertenecen a la misma familia. Danés,
noruego, sueco, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">island</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
y</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fe</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
son </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">enguas
Indo-Europeas germánicas del norte. El Fines y Saami son idiomas
Finno-Ugrias y el Groenlandes pertenece a la rama del Inuit de la
familia de las lenguas Esquimal-Aleut. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">2.
- Idiomas escandinavos: ¿Mutuamente inteligible</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">?</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Las
versiones estándar de danés, sueco y noruego son mutuamente
inteligibles. Para las reuniones del <a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">Consejo Nórdico</a>, no se ofrece
ningún servicio de interpretación entre esos 3 idiomas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">La
inteligibilidad no es absoluta. Necesitamos considerar factores como
el nivel de educación de quienes participan en la conversación, los
dialectos en uso, la experiencia.</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Aunque
el islandés y el feroés pertenecen a la misma rama, no son
inteligibles con las lenguas escandinavas. Cuando se utiliza el
islandés en el Consejo Nórdico, se ofrecen servicios de
interpretación. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Por
lo general, los hablantes de islandés pueden leer feroés, pero no
lo entienden cuando se habla. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>3.-
Si los problemas de comprensión persisten, ¡entonces <span lang="es-VE">us</span><span lang="es-VE">e</span>
el inglés!</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">No
es extraño </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que
se hable en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
inglés en reuniones entre representantes de diferentes países
nórdicos. La mayoría de los nórdicos pueden entender el inglés
mejor que otros idiomas nórdicos. La gente de esos países estudia
inglés en la escuela, ve muchas películas en inglés, viaja mucho,
y como resultado final, tenemos que en todos los países nórdicos
(con la excepción de Groenlandia), más del 92% de la población
puede hablar y escribir <a href="https://nordicperspective.com/culture/language/english-only-in-scandinavia-and-nordics" target="_blank">en inglés</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
El inglés es una lengua germánica y tiene muchas raíces comunes
con las lenguas germánicas que se hablan aquí. Saber inglés
también es un buen comienzo para emigrar a cualquiera de esos
lugares. Las universidades de esos países ofrecen programas
impartidos en inglés. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>4.-
Su propio alfabeto</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Antes
de adoptar el alfabeto latino, Escandinavia tenía su propio sistema
de escritura: Runas, específicamente Futhark </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Joven
(Se le llama </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Futhark</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">por
el nombre de sus 6 primeras letras </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>f-u-th-a-r-k</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Las runas se usaron en toda Europa, pero la versión Furthak </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">joven
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es
la escritura rúnica utilizada para escribir el antiguo </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">norse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Diferentes versiones aparecieron más tarde en Noruega, Suecia y
Dinamarca. Aquí hay un ejemplo de un texto rúnico en antiguo </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">norse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eer
más en <a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/oldnorse.htm" target="_blank">Omniglot</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᚠᛆᚦᛅᛦ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᚢᚭᛦ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᛋᚭᛘ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᛆᛋᛐ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᛁ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ᚼᛁᛘᛚᚢᛘ</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Faðer
uor som ast i himlum, ... <span lang="es-VE">Antiguo </span>Norse</span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Padre
nuestro, que estás en los cielos</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
.... (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">español</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>5.-
Caracteres nórdicos</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Las
lenguas nórdicas tienen un interesante conjunto de caracteres que
son poco comunes en otras partes del mundo donde se utiliza la
escritura latina. Incluyen los caracteres: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Æ-æ,
Ø-ø, Å-å, Ð-ð</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Þ-þ.
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si
encuentras uno de esos caracteres, te dejo aquí una guía de
pronunciación en IPA:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="98"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="98"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Caracter</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Islandés</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Feroés</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Danés</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Noruego</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Sueco</span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Æ-æ</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ai</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ɛa/a/e:</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ɛ/
ɛ:</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">æ/ɛ:</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ø-ø</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ø</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ø</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ø</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Å-å</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ᴐ</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ᴐ</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">o/ᴐ</span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ð-ð</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ð</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Muda</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Þ-þ</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">/ɵ/</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="99"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="98"><p align="center">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>6.-
¿<span lang="es-VE">Cual </span>noruego?</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hay
2 formas oficiales de noruego: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.skapago.eu/en/bokmal-nynorsk/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bokmål</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
y </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nynorsk</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ambas son variaciones escritas del idioma. Los </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">noruegos
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">generalmente
escriben en una de esas variaciones, pero tienden a hablar en
dialecto. El gobierno debería poder servir en ambos idiomas. Los
noruegos aprenden ambos en la escuela, pero luego eligen cuál
quieren usar en su vida diaria. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>7.-
Islandés: Idioma inalterado</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Entre
las lenguas germánicas del norte, el islandés es la más cercana al
antiguo <span lang="es-VE">norse</span>. <span lang="es-VE">Ha
cambiado muy poco e</span>n comparación con las lenguas
escandinavas. Mantiene muchos arcaísmos en su gramática. Los
estudiantes de la<span lang="es-VE">s</span> escuela<span lang="es-VE">s</span>
en Islandia pueden leer casi sin dificultades las antiguas sagas
nórdicas en su forma original. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a name="tw-target-text"></a><a name="tw-target-text1"></a>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se
cree que el aislamiento de Islandia contribuyó a mantener el idioma
con pocos cambios. Pero es notable que los islandeses
generalmente se niegan a incorporar nuevas palabras al idioma para
nombrar nuevas invenciones. Podemos ver que en islandés tienen
palabras como " </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/germanico/germanosep/escandinavooc/islandes" target="_blank">rafmagn</a></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
" para electricidad (literalmente significa "Poder de
ámbar"), o "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">útvarp</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
para Radio. ( út = salida y varp = proyección). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>8.-
Islandés: también el idioma más uniforme.</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>El
islandés no solo se ha mantenido a través de los tiempos con muy
pocos cambios, sino que también se ha mantenido casi inalterado
entre las diferentes regiones de Islandia. Esto significa que no hay
dialectos de este idioma. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aprender
este idioma es una tarea muy difícil. Pero al menos aprenderás lo
que la gente realmente habla y escribe. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>9.-
Sueco y danés: 2 Géneros, pero no Masc<span lang="es-VE">ulino</span>/Fem<span lang="es-VE">enino</span>.
</b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Originalmente,
todas las lenguas nórdicas indoeuropeas tenían 3 géneros:
masculino, femenino y neutro. Este sigue siendo el caso del islandés,
el noruego y el feroés. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">El
sueco y el danés, en cambio, evolucionaron en un <a href="https://gerdcarling.se/blog/how-scandinavian-languages-got-two-genders" target="_blank">sistema de 2 géneros</a>, pero no masculino o femenino como muchos otros idiomas,
sino común y neutro, donde el género común es una fusión de
masculino y femenino. Hay una teoría que explica que el género
femenino se volvió tan débil que básicamente esas palabras se
unieron a la clase masculina mientras que neutro conservó su
carácter. Al final, no hubo más diferencias entre masculino y
femenino y esta nueva categoría se convirtió en la común. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>10.-
Puedes usar números para decir </b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>palabrotas
o maldecir.</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-family: arial; font-style: normal;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
sueco, puedes usar ciertos números para <a href="https://stptrans.com/swearing-in-the-nordic-languages/" target="_blank">expresar tu frustración</a>
cuando algo sale mal. Puedes exclamar "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sjutton!</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Diecisiete</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
que se usa como eufemismo para otras palabras como "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Satan</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
o "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Skitt</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(mierda) que son mucho más groseras. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Otro
número utilizado como eufemismo es "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Attans</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(dieciocho), para palabras mucho menos inocentes como "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fan</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(diablo). La idea de usar números para jurar vino de una época en
la que usar términos religiosos para </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">maldecir
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">era
una de las peores cosas que podías hacer. Los números ya estaban
ligados a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as
palabrotas porque era una forma de amplificarl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Simplemente dejando el número solo y la gente</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ya</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sabría
lo que quieres decir</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">.</span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
También puedes usar "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/OnapEq/fy-tusan-vad-vi-svar-nufortiden" target="_blank">Tusan</a>!</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(Antigua forma sueca para el número mil)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">que</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
usa </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">como
las </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">expresiones
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Hell</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
o </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Damn</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
en inglés. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>11.-
<span lang="es-VE">Un extraño <a href="https://www.kbh-sprogcenter.dk/en/blog/learn-danish-numbers/" target="_blank">s</a></span><a href="https://www.kbh-sprogcenter.dk/en/blog/learn-danish-numbers/" target="_blank">istema de numeración </a></b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>El
danés tiene una forma muy particular de contar. Esto es evidente
cuando se cuentan números mayores de 20, y más interesante cuando
se cuentan números mayores de 49. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Los
números entre 1 y 20 son similares a su equivalente en inglés. A
partir del 21, los números se dicen en orden inverso que en inglés
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o
español</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ejemplo, 23 es "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">treogtyve</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(Tres y Veinte). Pero contar por encima de 49 puede ser realmente
complicado, ya que se basa en el sistema vigesimal. 60 es "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tres</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
que es la forma abreviada de "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tresindtyve</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(3 veces 20); 80 es "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">firs</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
(4 veces 20). Pero 50 es "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">halvtreds</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
[(3 – 1/2) x 20]. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pero
los daneses aplican este mismo sistema para decir la hora: Cuando
escuches la frase: "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Klokken
er halv seks om morgenen</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
puedes entender que dicen que son las seis y media de la mañana,
pero la realidad es que acaban de decir que son las 5:30 am. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>12.-
Coexisten múltiples idiomas </b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Diferentes
idiomas coexisten en esta área. En primer lugar, tenemos 8 idiomas
que tienen <a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">estatus oficial</a> en cualquier país nórdico o solo en
algunas áreas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Estos
s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
danés (oficial en Dinamarca), feroés (Islas Feroe), islandés
(Islandia), kalaallisut (o groenlandés, oficial en Groenlandia),
noruego (Noruega), lenguas sami (oficial en algunos distritos de
Finlandia, Noruega y Suecia), suomi (Finlandia) y sueco (Suecia,
Finlandia y la región de Åland). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hay
lenguas minoritarias que han estado presentes durante siglos en la
zona. Todos los países nórdicos (excepto Islandia) han firmado y
ratificado la <a href="https://rm.coe.int/languages-covered-en-rev2804/16809e4301" target="_blank">Carta Europea de las Lenguas Regionales o Minoritarias</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Suecia reconoce como lenguas minoritarias: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inlandés,
Sami </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
Lule</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eänkieli,
Sami del </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">orte,
Sami del </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ur,
Romaní e Yiddish. Noruega reconoce: Kven,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sami
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lule,
Sami del Norte, Sami del Sur, Romanes y Roman</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Finlandia reconoce: Inari Sami, Careli</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Sami del Norte, Skolt Sami, Romaní, Ruso, Tártaro e Yiddish,
mientras que proporciona estatus oficial al sueco. Dinamarca reconoce
el alemán como lengua minoritaria. Islandia no tiene idiomas
minoritarios. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="de-LU" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Con
respecto a los idiomas traídos por los inmigrantes, dejo este tema
para otro artículo. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-12334927617456146152022-04-03T09:34:00.006-07:002022-04-03T09:39:11.094-07:00Interesting Facts about Scandinavian Languages<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA">The
<a href="https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/happiness-benevolence-and-trust-during-covid-19-and-beyond/#ranking-of-happiness-2019-2021" target="_blank">World Happiness Report</a> (WHR) recently released its 2022 ranking. </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">One
of the things we notice from this world ranking of happiness, is that
the 3 leading countries are Nordic: Finland (1), Denmark (2) and
Iceland (3). if we expand this list to the 10 leading countries of
this ranking we will find that Sweden was ranked 7</span><sup>th</sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> and
Norway as 8</span><sup>th</sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">. It means that all 5 independent Nordic
countries are among the 10 best ranked countries of WHR.</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Does
this mean that we need to learn how to speak a Nordic language in
order to be more happy? I don’t have an answer to this question.
But there is no doubt that Nordic countries are collectively the best
ranked in terms of which countries are the happy ones. I present here
some interesting facts about Nordic languages. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><b>1.-
Nordic, Scandinavian: Are they the same? </b></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Many
people conf</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se
the terms Nordic and Scandinavian. B</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
t</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ey
are not the same word, and this also affects lang</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ages.
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Politically
there are 8 <a href="https://norden.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Fragesport-Vad-vet-du-om-norden.pdf" target="_blank">Nordic countries</a>: </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Denmark,
Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Åland</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
The first 5 are sovereign states, while Faeroe and Greenland are
constituent countries in the Kingdom of Denmark and </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Åland</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is an autonomous region of Finland. </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">But
there are only 3 Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Based
on this explanation, there are only 3 <a href="https://svenskaspraket.si.se/skandinaviska-for-nyborjare/#:~:text=De%20tre%20skandinaviska%20spr%C3%A5ken%20talas,finns%20mellan%20dem%20och%20svenska" target="_blank">Scandinavian</a> lang</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ages:
Danish, Swedish and Norwegian.
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">But when we talk about <a href="https://www.norden.org/sv/information/de-nordiska-spraken" target="_blank">Nordic languages</a>, alongside with the
Scandinavian languages, we need to include Icelandic, </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Faeroese</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Finnish, </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Greenlandic,
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Saami</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
and other languages. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">B</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ut
the meanings of those terms change with the language too. What I
explained is valid for English and Scandinavian languages ( I checked
sources in Swedish). But if you read French or Spanish sources, both
words are synonym. </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">You
can consult <a href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Scandinavie/143442#:~:text=R%C3%A9gion%20du%20nord%20de%20l,et%20parfois%2C%20l'Islande" target="_blank">Larousse</a> dictionary </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">and
the Dictionary of the Royal Academy of <a href="https://dle.rae.es/escandinavo" target="_blank">Spanish</a> language. </span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">N</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ot
all Nordic <a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/languages.htm" target="_blank">languages</a> belong to the same family. Danish, Norwegian,
Swedish, Icelandic and </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fa</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roese</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
are Indo-European North Germanic languages. </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Finnish
and Saami are Finno-Ugric languages and Greenlandic belongs to the
Inuit branch of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif">2.-
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Scandinavian languages:
Mutually intelligible?</span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
standard versions of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are mutually
intelligible. </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">For
meetings of the <a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">Nordic Council</a>, there is no interpretation service
offered between those 3 languages. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Intelligibility
is not absolute. We need to consider factors such as level of
education of those who participate in the conversation, dialects in
use, experience. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Although
Icelandic and </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fa</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roese</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
belong to the same branch, they are not intelligible with the
Scandinavian </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anguages.
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">When
Icelandic is used in the Nordic Council, interpretation services are
offered. </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Usually
Icelandic speakers can read </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="en-GB">Fa</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="en-GB">e</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="en-GB">roese</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
but do not understand it when it is spoken.</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>3.-
If understanding problems persist, then use English!</b></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">It
is not strange t</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hat
</span></span></span></span><a href="https://nordicperspective.com/culture/language/english-only-in-scandinavia-and-nordics" target="_blank"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">English
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
spoken</span></span></span></span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
in meetings between representatives of different Nordic countries.
Most of Nordic people can understand English better than other Nordic
languages. People of those countries study English at school, watch a
lot of movies in English, travel a lot, and as a final result, we
have that in all Nordic countries (With the exception of Greenland),
more than 92% of the population can speak and write in English</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. It</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> is a Germanic language and has a lot of common roots with the
Germanic languages spoken here. K</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">now</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ing
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">English
is also a good start to immigrate to any of those places.
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Universities
of those countries offer programs taught in English. </span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-CA"><b>4</b></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-CA"><b>.-
</b></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-CA"><b>Their
own Alphabet</b></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Before
adopting the Latin alphabet, Scandinavia had its own script system:
Runes, specifically Younger </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Futhark</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Runes
were actually used throughout Europe, but the Younger </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Furthak</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
version is the runic script used to write Old Norse. Different
versions appeared later in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Here is an
example of a Runic text in Old Norse. You can read more in </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/oldnorse.htm" target="_blank">Omniglot</a></span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>ᚠᛆᚦᛅᛦ
ᚢᚭᛦ ᛋᚭᛘ ᛆᛋᛐ ᛁ ᚼᛁᛘᛚᚢᛘ</b></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Faðer
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uor
som ast i himlum, ... (Old Norse)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></i></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ur
Father, who art in heaven</span></i></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
.... (English)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">5</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">.-
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">Nordic
Characters</span></span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">N</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ordic
languages have an interesting set of characters that are uncommon in
other parts of the world where Latin script is used. </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">They
include the characters: </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><b>Æ-æ,
Ø-ø, Å-å, Ð-ð</b></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><b>Þ-þ.
</b></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">If
you find one of those characters, I leave here a Pronunciation guide
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
IPA</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="43*"></col>
<col width="43*"></col>
<col width="43*"></col>
<col width="43*"></col>
<col width="43*"></col>
<col width="43*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Character</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Icelandic</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Faroese</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Danish</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding: 0.1cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Norwegian</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Swedish</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Æ-æ</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ai</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>ɛ</span><span>a/a/e:</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>ɛ/</span><span>
</span><span>ɛ</span><span>:</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span>æ</span><span>/</span><span>ɛ</span><span>:</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ø-ø</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ø</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ø</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ø</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Å-å</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ᴐ</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ᴐ</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">o/ᴐ</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ð-ð</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ð</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">No sound</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center" lang="en-CA">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Þ-þ</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ɵ</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0.1cm 0.1cm;" width="17%"><p align="center">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">-</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">6</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">.-
Which Norwegian?</span></span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">There
are 2 official forms of Norwegian: </span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.skapago.eu/en/bokmal-nynorsk/" target="_blank"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bokmål</span></i></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
and </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="da-DK"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nynorsk</span></i></span></span></span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Both are written variations of the language. </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Norwegians
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">usually
write in one of those variations but tend to speak in a dialect.
Government should be able to serve in both languages. Norwegians
learn both at school but then they chose which one they want to use
in their daily lives. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">7</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">.-
Icelandic: Unchanged language</span></span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Among
North Germanic languages, <a href=" http://proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/germanico/germanosep/escandinavooc/islandes" target="_blank">Icelandic</a> is the closest one to Old Norse.
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
comparison to Scandinavian languages it </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">has
</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">changed
very little. It keeps many archaisms in its grammar. Students at
school</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
in Iceland can read with almost no difficulties the old Norse Sagas
in its original form. </span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a name="tw-target-text"></a><a name="tw-target-text1"></a>
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">It
is believed that the isolation of Iceland contributed to maintain the
language with little or no changes. But it is remarkable that
Icelandic people generally refuse to incorporate new words to the
language to name new inventions. We can see that in Icelandic they
have words such as “ </span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="is-IS"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rafmagn</span></i></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“ for electricity (It literally means “Power of amb</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r”</span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
or “ </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">útvarp</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“ for Radio. ( </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">út</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
= out and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="is-IS"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">varp</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
= projection).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">8</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">.-
Icelandic: also the most uniform language.</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Icelandic
not only has been kept through the times with very little changes,
but also has been kept almost unaltered among the different regions
of Iceland. This means, there are no dialects of this language. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Learn
this language is a very difficult task. But at least you will learn
what people actually speak and write. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><b>9.-
Swedish and Danish: 2 Genders, but not Masc/Fem. </b></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Originally,
all Indo-European Nordic languages had 3 genders: masculine, feminine
and neuter. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This
is still the case of Icelandic, Norwegian and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Faroese</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Swedish
and Danish instead, evolved into </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
2 gender s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ystem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
but not masculine or feminine like many other languages, but <a href="https://gerdcarling.se/blog/how-scandinavian-languages-got-two-genders" target="_blank">common and neuter</a>, where common gender is a fusion of masculine and
feminine. There is a theory explaining that gender feminine became so
weak that basically those words joined the masculine class while
neuter retained its character. A</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
the end, there were no more differences </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">b</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">etween
ma</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">culine
and feminine and this new category </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">be</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">came
the common. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">10</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">.-
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">You
can use numbers to swear</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In
Swedish, you can use certain <a href="https://stptrans.com/swearing-in-the-nordic-languages/" target="_blank">numbers to express</a> your frustration when
something goes bad. You can Exclaim “<span lang="sv-SE"><i>Sjutton!</i></span>”
(Seventeen) which is used as euphemism for other words like “<i>Satan</i>”
or “<span lang="sv-SE"><i>Skitt</i></span>” (shit) which are much
more rude. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Other
number used as euphemism is “</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Attans</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”
(eighteen), for much less innocent words like “</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fan</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”
(devil). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
idea of using numbers for swearing came from a time when use
religious terms to swear was one of the worst things you could do.
Numbers were already tied to swearing because it was a way to amplify
it. Just leaving the number alone and people would know what you want
to say.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">You
can also use “</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="sv-SE"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/OnapEq/fy-tusan-vad-vi-svar-nufortiden" target="_blank">Tusan</a>!</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”
(Old Swedish form for the number one thousand) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
expressions like </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">Hell</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
or </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">Damn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
are used in English. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>11.-
Weird Numeral System</b></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Danish
has a very particular way to count. This is evident when counting
numbers over 20, and more interesting when counting numbers over 49. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kbh-sprogcenter.dk/en/blog/learn-danish-numbers/" target="_blank">Numbers</a>
between 1 and 20 are similar to their equivalent in English. From 21,
numbers are said in inverse order than in English. Example, 23 is
“<span lang="da-DK"><i>treogtyve</i></span>” (Three and Twenty).
But counting above 49 can be really tricky as it is based on the
vigesimal system. 60 is “<span lang="da-DK"><i>tres</i></span>”
which is the short form of “<span lang="da-DK"><i>tresindtyve</i></span>”
(3 times 20); 80 is “<span lang="da-DK"><i>firs</i></span>” (4
times 20). But 50 is “<span lang="da-DK"><i>halvtreds</i></span>”
[(3 – 1/2) x 20]. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>But
Danish apply this same system to tell the time: When you hear the
phrase : “<span lang="da-DK"><i>Klokken er halv seks om morgenen</i></span>”
you may understand that they say that it is half past six in the
morning, but reality is that they just said it is 5:30 am. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">.-
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">Multiple
languages coexist </span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Different
<a href="https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-languages" target="_blank">languages coexist</a> in this area. In first place, we have 8 languages
that have official status in any Nordic country or just in some
areas. They are Danish (official in Denmark), <span lang="en-GB">Fa</span><span lang="en-GB">e</span><span lang="en-GB">roese</span>
(<span lang="en-GB">Fa</span><span lang="en-GB">e</span><span lang="en-GB">roe</span>
Islands), Icelandic (Iceland), <span lang="zxx">Kalaallisut </span>(or
Greenlandic, official in Greenland), Norwegian (Norway), <span lang="zxx">Sami</span>
languages (Official in some districts in Finland, Norway and Sweden),
<span lang="zxx">Suomi</span> (Finland) and Swedish (Sweden, Finland
and the Region of <span face="Arial, sans-serif">Å</span>land). </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">re</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
are minority languages that have been present for centuries in the
area. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">All
Nordic countries (Except Iceland) have signed and ratified the
<a href="https://rm.coe.int/languages-covered-en-rev2804/16809e4301" target="_blank">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sweden recognizes as minority languages: Finnish, Lule Sami,
Meänkieli, North Sami, South Sami, Romani and Yiddish. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Norway
recognizes: Kven, Lule Sami, North Sami, South Sami, Romanes and
Romani. Finland recognizes: Inari Sami, Karelian, North Sami, Skolt
Sami, Romani, Russian, Tatar and Yiddish, while provides official
status to Swedish. Denmark recognizes German as minority language.
Iceland does not have minority languages as per the Chart. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #202124;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span>Regarding
languages brought by immigrants, I leave this topic for another
article. </span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #202124;"> </span>
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-24902621232911775062022-03-17T22:16:00.000-07:002022-03-17T22:16:47.734-07:00L'irlandais, langue officielle de l'Union Européenne<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Le
1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">er</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
janvier 2022, alors que nous fêtions la Nouvelle Année, les
irlandais célébraient que sa langue nationale, la langue
irlandaise, a finalement obtenu le statut plein de langue officielle
et de travail de l'Union Européenne (UE). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L'UE</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">compte</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">24
langues officielles. Chaque fois qu'un nouveau pays rejoint l'UE, sa
langue officielle est aussi ajoutée </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
tant qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
langue officielle de l'Union. Mais le processus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">officialisation
d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
la langue irlandaise a été </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">uniqu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e.
Le 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">er</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
janvier 1973, l'Irlande a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">rejoint
la Communauté économique européenne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Mais la langue irlandaise</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
reçu un <a href="Langues (europa.eu)" target="_blank">statut officiel</a> et de travail </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le
1 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">er</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
janvier 2007. Mais en raison de la pénurie de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">personnel
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
traduct</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ion</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
un accord de dérogation </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
été mis en place</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
limitant le nombre de textes traduits </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dans</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
cette langue. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/e3150-the-irish-language-gains-full-official-and-working-status-in-the-european-union/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dérogation
a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pris</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">fin
le 31</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ro
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">décembre
2021. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/first-amendment-as-gaeilge-proposed-for-eu-legislation-1.4787374" target="_blank">Seán Kelly</a>,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
un député irlandais au Parlement Européen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">présenté</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">fin
janvier</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">un
amendement en irlandais à un acte législatif européen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">C’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">éta</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
la première fois qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
langue irlandaise était </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">utilisée
pour proposer un amendement dans le Parlement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">uropéen. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L'irlandais
est une langue celtique parlée en Irlande. Il est aussi connu comme
gaéli</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">que
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
irlandais ou </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href=" https://omniglot.com/writing/irish.htm" target="_blank">Gaeilge</a></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">a
langue commença à</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">déclin</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">er</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
pendant </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">xvii</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">siècle
et a été progressivement remplacé</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
par l'Anglais. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">On
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">affirme
que</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le
décline devient très prononcé à cause de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
famine de la pomme de terre au milieu du XIX</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
siècle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">À
la suite de la indépendance de l’Irlande</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
la langue irlandaise a été adopté comme langue officielle avec
l'Anglais. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Récemment,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l’irlandais
a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">connu
une </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">renaissance,
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">beaucoup
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">personnes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sont</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">intéressées
à apprendre cette langue. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Mais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
selon le dernier <a href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/" target="_blank">recensement en Irlande</a> en 2016
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le
nombre de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">loc</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">teurs
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
diminué en comparaison avec les résultats du recensement précédent
en 2011. Il y a environ 1.761.420 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">locuteurs
de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
cette langue en Irlande (39.8% de la population de ce pays), en
tenant compte de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
différents degrés</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">connaissance
et</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">fluidité.
Ce nombre représente </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">environ
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">13
mille personnes parlant cette langue de moins qu'en 2011. Seulement
73.803 personnes parlant cette langue ont déclaré qu'elles
utilisaient la langue quotidiennement, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irlande
est un pays bilingue, où l'Anglais et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">irlandais
sont officiels. Les écoles offrent une éducation dans une de ces
langues, tandis que l'autre est étudié comme seconde langue. Le
gouvernement offre des services dans les deux langues. Toutefois, la
majorité des citoyens de ce pays sont encore des anglophones
monolingues. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
majorité des personnes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
cette langue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">comme
langue maternelle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vivent
dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">certain</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
régions </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du
pays </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">connu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sous
le nom de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://udaras.ie/en/our-language-the-gaeltacht/the-gaeltacht/" target="_blank">Gaeltacht</a></span></span></b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
des</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">régions
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">où
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">irlandais
est ou a été la principale langue parlée dans la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ommunauté. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">À
propos de l’obtention par l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">irlandais
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">statut
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">comme
langue officielle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
dans l'UE, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Y
aur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t-il</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
un impact sur l'utilisation de cette langue ? Verrons-nous plus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
gens </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">er
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">irlandais</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
? À mon avis, l'impact positif que nous </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">v</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">erron</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sera
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">très
limité. Il est </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vrai
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">que
beaucoup de documents dans l'UE seront traduits à cette langue, et
maintenant,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les
traducteurs de langue irlandaise, ont de bonnes chances </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">être
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">mbauchés,
mais les opportunités seront liées aux </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">bureaux
de l'UE et le matériel à traduire pourrait ne pas arriver à
beaucoup de lecteurs. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ga-IE" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l'Irlande
peut voir sa langue nationale utilisée officiellement dans </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l’UE</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Mais il ne voit pas encore sa langue nationale utilisée
officiellement par ses</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">eurodéputés.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Après
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">examiner
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les
CV et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">les
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">publications
dans les réseaux sociaux des 13 eurodéputés </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">représent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
l'Irlande, j'ai seulement trouvé des preuves que 3 d'entre eux
peuvent parler irlandais, plus</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">autre
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui
a publié un vidéo où apparaît en parlant </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">irlandais.
D'autre part, aucun d’e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ntre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
eux </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
au moins un </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">site
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">personnel
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
irlandais (tous annonce</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">à
ses électeurs en Anglais). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l'UE
ne peut pas faire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">grand-chose
à elle seule </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pour
revivr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
ce langage. Il n'y a pas législation ni </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">argent
qu'ils peuvent sauver une langue si les personnes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qui
la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
parl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
ne l'utilisent pas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Je
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">habite
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pas
en Irlande, mais pendant ma recherche, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">J’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ai
lu beaucoup d'articles de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">journaux
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">périodiques
irlandais et à mon avis, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
déclin </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
la langue irlandaise est un problème que les politiciens veulent
résoudre, mais </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">propos</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
des solutions avec lesquelles eux-mêmes ne veulent pas </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s’engager</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-80491247862956882582022-03-16T22:28:00.002-07:002022-03-16T22:28:33.194-07:00La irlanda, oficia lingvo de la Eŭropa Unio<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
1-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">januaro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
2022, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">du</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">m
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
novjara tago, la irlandanoj festis ke ilia nacia lingvo, la irlanda
lingvo, fine akiris p</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nan
statuson kiel laborlingvo de la Eŭropa </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Unio
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">(EU).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
E</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">U
havas </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">24
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">oficialajn
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ng</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vojn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Ĉiufoje </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">kiam
nova lando aliĝas </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l
E</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">U,
s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ia
oficia lingvo estas ankaŭ aldonita kiel </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">oficial</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
<a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en#:~:text=The%20EU%20has%2024%20official,%2C%20Slovenian%2C%20Spanish%20and%20Swedish" target="_blank">lingvo de la Eŭropa Unio</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Se</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">aldono
de la irl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">is
io </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parta.
Irlanda </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">aliĝ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">al
EU la 1-a de januaro </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">1973,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sed
la inkludo de la irlanda lingvo komenciĝis dum 2005 kaj la statuso
kiel oficiala lingvo estis finfine akirita la 1-a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
de januaro </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">2007.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Sed
pro la manko de tradukistoj, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">deroga
interkonsento</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">estis
establita, kaj ĉi tiu limigis la tekstoj kiuj </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">dev</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">
esti tradukitaj </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">
la irlanda</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
derogo finiĝis la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">31-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">cembr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
2021. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ti</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o
signif</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">as
ke la irlanda estas <a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/e3150-the-irish-language-gains-full-official-and-working-status-in-the-european-union/" target="_blank">laborlingvo de la EU</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
same </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">k</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">el
la aliaj ofi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">laj
lingvoj</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Je
la fino de januaro, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/first-amendment-as-gaeilge-proposed-for-eu-legislation-1.4787374#:~:text=Irish%20language%20has%20a%20newly,European%20Union%20since%20January%201st&text=However%2C%20following%20the%20end%20of,to%20legislation%20before%20the%20Parliament." target="_blank">Seán Kelly</a>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Membro
de la Eŭropa Parlamento (MEP) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">is
la unuan </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">men</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">do</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n
en la irlanda lingvo </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">al
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Eŭropa
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">leĝdona
akto. La </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">un</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">fojo
kiu am</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">do
estis prezentita en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">ĉi
tiu </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">in</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">gvo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">an</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">da
es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">as
<a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/irish.htm" target="_blank">ga</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/irish.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
kelta li</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/irish.htm" target="_blank">gvo</a>
parolata en Irlan</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o,
kaj </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">aliaj
landoj ki</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l
B</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">itio,
Usono, Kanado, kie irlandaj </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">nmigrintoj
alvenis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
malkresko en la uzo de la lingvo en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">k</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">omen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ciĝis
dum la 17-a jarcento kaj estis iom post iom anstataŭigita per la
angla. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Dum
la mezo </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
la 19-a jarcento, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">multaj
irlandanoj mortis ĉar la terpommalsato kaj la nombro da parolantoj
daŭre malkreskis. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">1922,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irlando
send</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pendiĝis
kaj la irlanda lingvo estis adoptita kiel oficiala lingvo . </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">K</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vankam
plu da irlandanoj havas intereson en la lingvo, laŭ </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
<a href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/" target="_blank">lasta censo </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/" target="_blank">en
2016</a>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">b</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ro
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parolantoj
de la irlanda ma</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">kreskis
komp</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">kun
la antaŭa cen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
de 2011. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Proksimume
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">1.761.420
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">personoj
parolas la irlanda </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">(39,8%
de la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">loĝantaroj).
Ĉi tiu nombro reprezentas ĉirkaŭ 13 mil parolantoj malpli ol en
2011. Nur </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">73.803
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parolantoj
diris ke ilis parolas </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
irland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">an</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
ĉiutage, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dum
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">111.473
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">parolantoj
parolas ĝin ĉiusemajne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">tas
d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">lingva
lando; la angla kaj la irlanda estas ambaŭ oficialaj. La registaro
servas en ambaŭ lingvoj kaj vi povas lerni ambaŭ lingvojn en la
lernejo. Sed tamen la pli multo de la civitanoj estas unulingvaj kaj
parolas nur la anglan. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">plimulto
de la parolantoj de la irlanda </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">loĝ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">as
en partoj de la lando kon</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">taj
kiel </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><i><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://udaras.ie/en/our-language-the-gaeltacht/the-gaeltacht/" target="_blank">Gaeltacht</a></span></span></b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">kiu
estas lokoj kie la irlanda estas la ĉef</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">lingvo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">N</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i
havas en Kanad</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
sola </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><i><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Gaeltacht</span></span></b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ekster
Irlando, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
<a href="https://www.gaeilge.ca/" target="_blank">Erinsville</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Sed,
se ni parolas pri la afero de la irlanda kiel oficiala lingvo de la
EU, Ĉu tio influas sur la uzo de ĉi tiu lingvo?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ĉu</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ni
vidos pli da parolantoj</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">?
Laŭ mia opinio, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
pozitiva efiko, kiun ni vidos estos tre limigita. Certe pli da
EU-dokumentoj estos tradukitaj en ĉi tiun lingvon kaj la tradukistoj
de la irlanda havos pli bona</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
ŝancon trovi bonajn laboroin. Sed tiu estos limi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ita
al </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">EU-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">oficejoj,
kaj kio</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
ili traduko</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="eo"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ne
estos legitaj por multe da personoj.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="ga-IE" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irlando
povas vidi sian nacian lingvon kiel EU oficiala lingvo. Sed </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">il</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i
ne vidos baldaŭ sian nacian lingvon oficiale uz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ata</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
de siaj MEP. Post legi pri la 13 eŭropdeputitoj kiuj reprezentas al
Irlando, mi nur trovis </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pru</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">vo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">jn
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ke
3 el ili parolas irlandan. (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">4-a eŭropdeputitino postis videon kie ŝi parolas en la irlanda).
Neniu el ili havas retpaĝon en la irlanda por prezenti </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">siajn
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">proponojn.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">U
sola n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
povas fari mult</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">on</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
p</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">r
la lingvo. Ne ekzistas leĝon nek monon kiu povas savi lingvo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">j</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n
se </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">il</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">iaj
parolantoj ne uzas ĝin. Mi ne loĝas en </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sed
mi legis mult</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ajn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
artikolojn en la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">rlandaj
gazetoj, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sed
mi pensas k</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
malkresko de la lingvouz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="eo"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
estas problemo kiun la politikistoj volas solvi, sed sen komprimisi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-82154128396303339802022-03-15T21:44:00.002-07:002022-03-15T21:55:37.621-07:00Irlandés, lengua oficial de la Unión Europea<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">El
1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
de enero de 2022, mientras celebrábamos el día de Año Nuevo, los
irlandeses celebraba</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
que su idioma nacional, el idioma irlandés, finalmente obtuvo el
estatus pleno </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">como
lengua </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">oficial
y de trabajo </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
la Unión Europea (UE). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
UE tiene 24 lenguas oficiales. Cada vez que un nuevo país se une a
la UE, su lengua oficial se añade también como lengua oficial de la
Unión. Pero el proceso de agregar el idioma irlandés ha sido
bastante particular. El 1 de enero de 1973, Irlanda se </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> u</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">nió</span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> a la UE. Pero el proceso de
<a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en#:~:text=The%20EU%20has%2024%20official,%2C%20Slovenian%2C%20Spanish%20and%20Swedish" target="_blank">inclusión de la lengua irlandesa</a> no comenzó sino hasta 2005,
ganando finalmente el estatus oficial el 1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ro</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
de enero de 2007</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
Pero debido a la escasez de traductores, se </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">estableci</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ó</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
un acuerdo de derogación, limita</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ndo</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
la cantidad de textos </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">traducidos
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
este idioma. Este acuerdo de derogación finalizó el 31</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
diciembre de 2021. Esto significa que </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-VE"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l </span></span></span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">irlandés</span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">tiene
ahora el <a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/e3150-the-irish-language-gains-full-official-and-working-status-in-the-european-union/" target="_blank">mismo estatus</a> que el resto de las lenguas de la UE y todos
los documentos importantes de la UE deben traducirse a esta lengua. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: navy;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">A
finales de enero, un diputado irlandés al Parlamento Europeo, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/first-amendment-as-gaeilge-proposed-for-eu-legislation-1.4787374#:~:text=Irish%20language%20has%20a%20newly,European%20Union%20since%20January%201st&text=However%2C%20following%20the%20end%20of,to%20legislation%20before%20the%20Parliament" target="_blank">Seán Kelly</a>, ha </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">presentado
una enmienda en irlandés a un acto legislativo europeo, siendo esta
la primera vez que se utiliza </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">este
idioma </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">para
proponer una enmienda en el Parlamento Europeo. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Para
entender este camino único, debemos entender la historia particular
de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">esta</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
lengua. El irlandés es una lengua celta hablada en Irlanda y en
otros lugares como el Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y Canadá, donde
fue traída por inmigrantes irlandeses. También</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">se</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">conoc</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
como gaélico irlandés o </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/irish.htm" target="_blank">Gaeilge</a></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
por los hablantes de esta lengua. Es miembro de la rama goidélica de
las lenguas celtas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">El
declive en el uso de este idioma en Irlanda comenzó durante el siglo
XVII y fue gradualmente reemplazado por el inglés. Muchas fuentes
afirman que la hambruna de la papa a mediados del siglo XIX </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">a
contribuido enormemente </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">al
declive de este idioma. Con el establecimiento del Estado Libre
Irlandés en 1922, el idioma irlandés fue adoptado como idioma
oficial junto con el inglés. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pero
no fue</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">sino</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">hasta
hace muy poco, que el idioma irlandés experimentó un renacimiento,
y hay más personas interesadas en aprender</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">lo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Sin embargo, según el último <a href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/" target="_blank">censo en 2016</a>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="de-LU"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="color: navy;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">el
número de hablantes de irlandés disminuyó en Irlanda en
comparación con los resultados del censo anterior en 2011. Hay
aproximadamente 1.761.420 hablantes (39,8% de la población de este
país), teniendo en cuenta diferentes grados de conocimiento y
fluidez. Este número representa a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">unos
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">13
mil hablantes menos que en 2011. Solo 73.803 hablantes declararon que
usaban el idioma diariamente, mientras que 111.473 hablantes lo
usaban semanalmente. El resto de los parlantes se dividen en grupos
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">que
dicen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">que
hablan irlandés solo en la escuela, no muy a menudo o que nunca lo
usan. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Irlanda
es un país bilingüe, donde tanto el inglés como el irlandés son
oficiales. Las escuelas ofrecen educación en uno de esos idiomas,
mientras que el otro se estudia como segundo idioma. El gobierno
ofrece servicios en ambos idiomas. Sin embargo, todavía la mayoría
de los ciudadanos de este país son monolingües </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">solo
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">habla</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ingl</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
La mayoría de los hablantes de irlandés viven en áreas del oeste y
sur del país que se conocen como</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><i><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><a href="https://udaras.ie/en/our-language-the-gaeltacht/the-gaeltacht/" target="_blank">Gaeltacht</a></span></span></b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">,
áreas donde el irlandés es o fue el principal idioma hablado e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
la comunidad, y cubre partes de 7 condados. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">No
mucha gente sabe que aquí en Ontario, tenemos un </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><i><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Gaeltacht</span></span></b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
certificado en <a href="https://www.gaeilge.ca/" target="_blank">Erinsville</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Pero
hablando de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">l
irlandés </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">obteniendo
el </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">estatus</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
pleno como lengua </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">oficial
y de trabajo en la UE, ¿tiene esto un impacto sobre el uso de este
idioma? ¿Veremos más hablantes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">de
irlandes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">?
En mi opinión, el impacto positivo que vamos a ver sigue siendo muy
limitado. Es cierto que muchos más documentos en la UE se traducirán
a esta lengua, y ahora hay nuevas buenas oportunidades de trabajo
para los traductores que</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">la
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">puedan
hablar</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
Pero incluso estos puntos positivos tienen un impacto limitado, ya
que los puestos de trabajo estarán vinculados a las oficinas de la
UE y el material a traducir podría no llegar a muchos lectores. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="ga-IE" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Después
de mucho trabajo, Irlanda puede ver a su idioma nacional utilizado
oficialmente en esta institución internacional. Pero todavía sus propios representantes en la UE no la usan </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">oficialmente. Después de revisar los CV y las publicaciones en las redes
sociales de los 13 eurodiputados que representan a Irlanda, solo
encontré evidencia de que 3 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">ellos
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">pueden
hablar irlandés, más un 4º que publicó un video donde aparece
hablando en irlandés, pero no más. Esta es una minoría de
eurodiputados. Por otro lado, ninguno de ellos tiene siquiera un
sitio web personal en irlandés (todos se anuncian a sus electores en
inglés) y parece que hacen muy poco o ningún esfuerzo para promover
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">esta</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">lengua</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">La
UE por sí sola no puede hacer mucho para revivir este idioma. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">No
hay legislación ni </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">dinero
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">que
puedan</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
salvar</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">
a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">un
idioma si los hablantes no lo usan. No vivo en Irlanda, pero durante
mi investigación, leí muchos artículos de periódicos irlandeses y
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">en
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-ES-u-co-trad"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">mi
opinión, el declive del idioma irlandés es un problema que los
políticos quieren solucionar, pero proponiendo soluciones con las
que ellos mismos no quieren comprometerse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-69840205316442423932022-03-14T19:45:00.002-07:002022-03-14T19:46:26.634-07:00Irish, official language of the European Union <p> </p><p></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">On Jan 1<sup>st</sup> 2022, While we
were celebrating New Year’s Day, People from Ireland were
celebrating that their national language, the Irish language, finally
gained full official and working status in the European Union (EU). </span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The EU
has already 24 official languages. Every time a new country joins the
EU, their official language is added as official language </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">of
the union as well</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">But
the process of adding Irish language has been quite particular. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">On
Jan 1</span><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">st</span></sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
1973, <a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en#:~:text=The%20EU%20has%2024%20official,%2C%20Slovenian%2C%20Spanish%20and%20Swedish" target="_blank">Ireland joined the EU</a>. But the process of inclusion of Irish
language did not start until 200</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">5</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">,
gaining finally official status </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">in
the EU</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> on Jan 1</span><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">st</span></sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
2007.
But due to a shortage of translators, a derogation arrangement has
been put in place, </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">limiting the
amount of texts that were translated into this language</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">.
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">This derogation arrangement
ended on Dec 31</span><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">st</span></sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
2021. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">This means that the
national language of Ireland has now the<a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/e3150-the-irish-language-gains-full-official-and-working-status-in-the-european-union/" target="_blank"> same status</a> of the rest of
EU languages and all important documents </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">of
the EU</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> have to be translated
into this language.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></span></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">At
the end of January, an Irish Member of the European </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">p</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">a</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">r</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">liament
(MEP), </span></span><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/first-amendment-as-gaeilge-proposed-for-eu-legislation-1.4787374#:~:text=Irish%20language%20has%20a%20newly,European%20Union%20since%20January%201st&text=However%2C%20following%20the%20end%20of,to%20legislation%20before%20the%20Parliament." target="_blank"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Seán
K</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">elly</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/first-amendment-as-gaeilge-proposed-for-eu-legislation-1.4787374#:~:text=Irish%20language%20has%20a%20newly,European%20Union%20since%20January%201st&text=However%2C%20following%20the%20end%20of,to%20legislation%20before%20the%20Parliament." target="_blank">,</a>
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1e1e1f;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">has
pr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pos</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">
an amendment in Iri</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">s</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">h
to a piece of European legi</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">s</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">lation,
being </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">this
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">the
first time that</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="es-VE">
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US">this
language</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="es-VE">
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">is
used </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">to
propose an amendment in the European parliament. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">To
understand this unique path</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">,
we should understand the particular history of the language. </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">Ir</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">i</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">sh
is a Celtic la</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">n</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">guage
spoken </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">i</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">n
Ireland and in o</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">t</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">her
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">place</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">s
like the UK, USA and Canada, where it was brought by Irish
immigrants</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">It is
also known as <a href="https://omniglot.com/writing/irish.htm" target="_blank">Irish Gaelic</a> or </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="ga-IE"><i>Gaeilge</i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">
by the speakers of this language. It is a member of the </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="zxx">Goidelic</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">
branch of the Celtic languages.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">The
decline in the use of this language in Ireland started during the
17</span></span><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">th</span></span></sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">
century and it was gradually replaced by English. Many sources </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">claim</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="es-VE">
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">that
the potato famine in the mid-nineteenth </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">a</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">c</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">celerated
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">the
decline of this language. </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">With
the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, Irish language was
adopted as official language along with English. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">B</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">ut
it was not until very recently, that Irish language experienced a
revival, and there are more people interested to learn this language.
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">However</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">,
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">according
to the last <a href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/" target="_blank">census in Ireland in 2016</a>,
</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA"> the number of Irish speakers decreased comparing to the results of
the previous census in 2011. There are approx 1,761,420 </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">speakers
in Ireland </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">(39.8%
of the population of this country)</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">,
considering different degrees of knowledge and fluency. This number
represents approx 13 thousand less speakers than in 2011. Only 73,803
speakers declared they used the language daily, while 111,473
speakers used it weekly. The rest of </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">speakers
are divided in groups where they sa</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">y</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">
that they speak Irish at school only, not very often or they never
use it. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">I</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">reland
is a bilingual country, where both English and Irish are official.
Schools offer education in one of those languages while the other is
studied as second language. The government offers services in both
languages. However, still a majority of citizens of this country are
monolingual </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">E</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">nglish
speakers. </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA">Most
Irish speakers live in areas of the west and south of the country
that are known as </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="ga-IE"><i><b><a href=" https://udaras.ie/en/our-language-the-gaeltacht/the-gaeltacht/" target="_blank">Gaeltacht</a></b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="ga-IE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">areas
where Irish is or was the primary spoken language of the community,
and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cover
parts of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">7
counties.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Not many people know that here in Ontario, we have a certified
Gaeltacht in <a href="https://www.gaeilge.ca/" target="_blank">Erinsville</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ut
talking about the topic of Irish language </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">getting
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">full
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">status
as an </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">official
and working </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">language
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
the EU, does this have an impact over the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">use
of this language? W</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ill
w</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
see more speakers </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">of
Irish</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">language?
In my opinion, the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">positive</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
impact we are going to see is still very limited. It is true that
many more documents in the EU will be translated into this language,
and there are now new good job opportunities for translators who are
speakers of this language. But even these positive points are of
limited impact, as jobs will be tied to the EU offices and the
material to be translated might not reach to many readers. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="ga-IE" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">After
much hard work, Ireland can see its national language used officially
in this international institution. But still does not see its
national language used officially by its own representatives in the
EU. After review the CV’s and posts in Social Media of the 13 MEP’s
who represent Ireland, I only found evidence that 3 MEP’s can
actually speak Irish, plus a 4th one who posted a vide</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
speaking in Irish, but n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
more. This is a minority of MEP’s. In other hand, none of them have
even a personal website in Irish (they all advertise to their
constituents in English) and </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">it
seems </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">that
they do very little or none effort to promote this language. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
EU alone cannot do much to revive this language. No money or
legislation can save a language if </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">speakers
do not use it. I don’t live in Ire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">land,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">but
during my research, I read a lot of articles from Ir</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h
newspapers </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">and
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
my opinion, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">decline
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f
Irish la</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">guage
is a problem that po</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iticians
want to fix, but </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">by</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
proposing solutions </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
they themselves do not want to commit </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">to.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-60229695607108641692022-03-09T21:38:00.000-08:002022-03-09T21:38:54.966-08:00L'Ukraine et la guerre des langues<p> </p><p></p><p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">L'invasion
de l'Ukraine <span lang="fr-CA">par la Russie </span>a été le sujet
principal dans les médias internationaux. <span lang="fr-CA">Ça </span>me
touche vraiment puisque la famille de mon père est ukrainienne. Voir
un<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">endroit </span>où
vivait ma famille et <span lang="fr-CA">qu</span><span lang="fr-CA">e
</span>j'ai visité <span lang="fr-CA">un jour</span>,<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">être bombardé par </span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>une armée étrangère, est quelque chose qui m'attriste. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mais
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parmi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
toutes les nouvelles et articles qui analysent l'invasion, j'ai
trouvé un écrit en catalan par Miquel Cabal Guarro : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><b><a href="https://www.ara.cat/opinio/ucraina-russia-llengues-lletres-tensio-miquel-cabal-guarro_129_4287371.html" target="_blank">Ucraïna</a> :
</b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>guerr</b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><i><b>a</b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><b>
de llengües</b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(l'Ukraine
: Guerre des Langues). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bien que l'article parle très brièvement du problème de langue en
Ukraine, souligne le facteur linguistique dans ce conflit. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
deux langues, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank">russe et ukrainien</a> ont été les principaux
protagonistes de l'histoire linguistique d'Ukraine. Pendant l'empire
russe, la russe était la langue principale et la seule langue dans
l'administration publique et les écoles. La partie </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">U</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">kraine</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sous l'empire austro-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ngro</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(l'Ukraine occidentale principalement) a eu la possibilité
d'utiliser officiellement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">krainien</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Après la révolution russe et sous l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Union
S</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oviétique,
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
langue </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">russe
était encore la principale langue véhiculer en utilisation, tandis
que la situation de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
langue u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">krainien</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a changé au</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fil
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
différentes politiques, depuis des moments où elle a été
largement utilisé jusqu'à un autre moment où il a été interdit.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">krainien</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
est devenu officiel en 1989 et a été confirmé comme la seule
langue officielle en 1996. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En
2012, <span lang="fr-CA">une loi </span>a<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">été</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>approuvé qui donnant aux autorités locales le pouvoir
d'accorder un statut officiel aux langues minoritaires, à condition
qu'au moins 10% des résidents locaux soient des locuteurs natifs. A
été soutenue par des partis politiques ukrainiens pro-russes,
tandis que les partis nationalistes s'opposaient. Cette loi a été
révoquée en 2014.<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">Plus
</span>tard, la Crimée a été annexée par la Russie et a commencé
la guerre en Donbass. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
16 janvier, une nouvelle loi a été</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">adoptée
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">obligent
tous les moyens de communication imprimés en Ukraine à <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/19/new-language-requirement-raises-concerns-ukraine" target="_blank">publier en ukrainien</a>. Ceux qu'ils publient dans des langues minoritaires doivent
publier le même contenu en ukrainien (les langues officielles de
l'UE sont exemptes, mais curieusement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l’exception
ne s’applique </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">pas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
la langu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
russe). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
situation<a href="https://hromadske.ua/posts/ridnoyu-ukrayinsku-movu-vvazhayut-73-ukrayinciv-odnak-spilkuyutsya-neyu-lishe-53-doslidzhennya" target="_blank"> linguistique d'Ukraine</a> est aussi très complexe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Environ
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">53%
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la population de ce pays </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parle
ukrainien à la maison, tandis que 29% parle russe. Le reste de la
population utilise un mélange des deux langues ou une troisième
langue. Le 73% de la population considère l'ukrainien comme sa
langue maternelle. La </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">part
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la population favorise des politiques qui font de l'ukrainien la
langue principale des moyens de communication. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nous
savons qu'il y a des zones où on parle principalement en ukrainien,
surtout dans l'ouest. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">En
l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
Crimée et Donbass utilisent principalement le russe. Des villes
comme </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kyiv</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kharkiv</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étaient
généralement des </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">villes
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">russ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ophon</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mais maintenant, l'utilisation de l'ukrainien croît. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ans
d'autres parties du pays, il y a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">auss</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
une tendance à <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/08/ukraine-russia-language-putin/" target="_blank">parler plus en ukrainien</a>. L'utilisation du</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sourjyk,
u</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
mélange</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">à
partir du</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">russe
et </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
l’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ukrainien
est très commune. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mais
la réaction des Ukrainiens à l'invasion confirme ce que certains
rapports déjà affirmaient, et est que la langue maternelle en
Ukraine ne<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">révèle</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>pas la loyauté. La majorité des Ukrainiens <span lang="fr-CA">russ</span><span lang="fr-CA">ophon</span><span lang="fr-CA">e</span><span lang="fr-CA">s
</span>qui <span lang="fr-CA">ne </span>savent pas <span lang="fr-CA">l’u</span>krainien,
ne soutiennent pas cette invasion et voient à l'armée russe comme
un envahisseur. Beaucoup <span lang="fr-CA">d'e</span><span lang="fr-CA">ntre
e</span><span lang="fr-CA">ux</span> ont aussi soutenu des politiques
favorables à l'utilisation de <span lang="fr-CA">l'</span><span lang="fr-CA">u</span><span lang="fr-CA">krainien</span>
dans <span lang="fr-CA">l’</span><span lang="fr-CA">Ét</span><span lang="fr-CA">a</span><span lang="fr-CA">t</span>.
L'actuel président <span lang="fr-CA">d</span><span lang="fr-CA">e
l</span><span lang="fr-CA">'Ukraine</span>, <span lang="zxx">Volodymyr
Zelensky</span>, est un <span lang="fr-CA">russophone </span><span lang="fr-CA">qui
a appris l’ukrainien pendant ses études, </span>mais ainsi il a
encore soutenu certaines des politiques qui favorisent à la langue
ukrainienne. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">À
mon avis, rien<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">ne</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>peut justifier une opération militaire comme <span lang="fr-CA">celle
</span>menée par la Russie sur l'Ukraine. Il y a des questions
complexes entre les deux pays et ils ne seront pas probablement
résolus<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">de sitôt, </span>mais
une guerre peut aggraver les choses. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Quand
quelqu'un utilise les langues comme raison valable pour<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">commencer </span>une guerre, <span lang="fr-CA">il
y a </span><span lang="fr-CA">en fait </span>d'autres intérêts,
probablement <span lang="fr-CA">sombres. </span>La Russie affirme
défend<span lang="fr-CA">re</span> les droits des russophones en
Ukraine, qui sont victimes de discrimination. J'ai lu <span lang="fr-CA">des
</span>rapports qui décrivent des cas de discrimination contre des
locuteurs de <span lang="fr-CA">l'</span><span lang="fr-CA">u</span><span lang="fr-CA">krainien</span>
dans le Donbass.<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">La
</span>réaction des Ukrainiens, y compris les <span lang="fr-CA">russ</span><span lang="fr-CA">ophones</span>,
démontre qu'ils ne <span lang="fr-CA">se </span><span lang="fr-CA">s</span><span lang="fr-CA">e</span><span lang="fr-CA">nt</span><span lang="fr-CA">ent</span>
pas libérés par l'armée russe, mais envahis et attaqués par une
armée étrangère. J'ai contact avec des <span lang="fr-CA">russophones
</span>en Ukraine et<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">je</span><span lang="fr-CA">
</span>peux voir <span lang="fr-CA">leur </span>réaction à ce
conflit. Confirmer tout ce qui se passe dans le Donbass est<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">encore plus </span>difficile. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Un
des points </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'attire
l'attention </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">est
que quand </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">on
parle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la Crimée, la majorité des conversations tournent autour de la
situation de la majorité des russophones qui vivent là, et s'ils
sont mieux maintenant sous le gouvernement russe ou non. Mais
personne ne parle de la situation des indigènes de la Crimée :
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Les
Tatars </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
Crimée. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">P</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réfèrent-ils
vivre en Ukraine</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ou
sous le gouvernement Russe</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">?
J'ai ici connu à quelques Tatars de Crimée et ils se considèrent
comme citoyens d'Ukraine. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">On
se souvient de </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Jamala</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>,
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">une
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chanteu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">se</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ukrainienne qui a gagné le concours </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eurovisi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la chanson </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2016
en représentation d'Ukraine. Elle appartient à l'ethnie Tatar de
Crimée. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En
résumé, ce que j'ai ici décrit ils sont quelques points clef de
l'histoire dans lesquels les langues ont fait partie du conflit qui
affecte aujourd'hui <span lang="fr-CA">à </span>la terre de mes
ancêtres. J'écris seulement sur les langues, spécialement<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">la</span><span lang="fr-CA"> </span>russe
et <span lang="fr-CA">l'</span><span lang="fr-CA">u</span><span lang="fr-CA">krainien</span>.
Ce que j'écris ici <span lang="fr-CA">n’</span>est<span lang="fr-CA">
</span><span lang="fr-CA">pas</span><span lang="fr-CA"> </span>l'histoire
complète, qui est<span lang="fr-CA"> </span><span lang="fr-CA">très
</span>complexe, et <span lang="fr-CA">je </span>doute <span lang="fr-CA">qu'</span><span lang="fr-CA">e</span><span lang="fr-CA">l</span><span lang="fr-CA">le</span>
puisse être expliqué <span lang="fr-CA">e</span>n quelques minutes.
</span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="fr-FR" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Je
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">veux
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">que
les hostilités cessent, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">e
les troupes russes se</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">retire</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
et que la paix </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="font-style: normal;">règne</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Dans un environnement pacifique il sera plus facile de trouver une
solution juste à tous les conflits.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p><br /><p></p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-33258894328014360102022-03-06T21:06:00.001-08:002022-03-06T21:09:17.610-08:00Ukraine and the War of Languages<p><br /></p><p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
Russian invasion to Ukraine has been the main topic in the
International Media. This is something that really touches me as my
father’s family is Ukrainian. But my concern is not only my
relatives in Ukraine, but many people I know who are there. To see a
place where my family used to dwell and I visited one day, suffering
shelling from a foreign army, is something that makes me sad. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">But
among all the news and articles reporting and analyzing the invasion,
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">I found one written in Catalan
by </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="ca-ES">Miquel
Cabal Guarro: </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="ca-ES"><i><b><a href=" https://www.ara.cat/opinio/ucraina-russia-llengues-lletres-tensio-miquel-cabal-guarro_129_4287371.html" target="_blank">Ucraïna</a> :
guerra de llengües</b></i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA"><i>
</i></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="fr-CA">(</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Ukraine:
War of Languages). </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Although
the article speaks very briefly about the language problem in
Ukraine, highlights the </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">role
of </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">language</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">s</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
in this conflict. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">Both
languages, Russian and Ukrainian have been the main protagonists </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">in
</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">the
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank">l</a></span></span></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">i</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">ngu</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">istic
</span></span></span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank">history</a>
of Ukraine. During the Russian empire, Russian was the main language
and the sole language </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">in
the public administration and </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">schools.
The part of Ukraine under the </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="zxx">Austro-Hungarian</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
empire (Western Ukraine mainly) had the opportunity to use Ukrainian
officially. </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">After
the Russian revolution and under Soviet rule, Russian was still the
main </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">vehicular</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
language in use, while the situation of Ukrainian </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">changed
</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">through
different policies, from moments when it was used widely till some
other when it was banned. </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">Ukrainian
became official in 1989 and was confirmed as the sole official
language in 1996. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">In
2012, a law was passed granting local authorities the power to confer
official status </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">to</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
minority languages, </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">provided
th</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">a</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">t
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">at
least 10% of local residents are native speakers, </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">while
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">holding
Ukrainian as </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">the</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
main official language of the country. </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">It</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
was supported by </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">Ukrainian
pro-</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">Russia</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
political parties while Ukrainian nationalists </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">and
pro-Western parties</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
opposed it. </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">This
law </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">was
rescinded In 2014. </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">A
few days later, Crimea was annexed by Russia and the war </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">in</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="zxx">Donbass</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
started. </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
</span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">On
Jan 16</span></span></span><sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">th</span></span></span></sup><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">
a <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/19/new-language-requirement-raises-concerns-ukraine" target="_blank">new law</a> was </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">implemen</span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">ted
where all </span></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA">print
media outlets in Ukraine are required to publish in Ukrainian. Those
who publish in minority languages need to publish the same content in
Ukrainian (EU official languages are exempt, but interestingly not
Russian language). </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">T</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">he
<a href="https://hromadske.ua/posts/ridnoyu-ukrayinsku-movu-vvazhayut-73-ukrayinciv-odnak-spilkuyutsya-neyu-lishe-53-doslidzhennya" target="_blank">linguistic situation of Ukraine</a> is very complex as well. Last numbers
show that 53% of the population of this country uses Ukrainian at
home, while 29% speak in Russian. The rest of the population use a
mix of both languages or a third language. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">73%
of the population consider Ukrainian as their mother tongue. Most of
the population favours policies that make Ukrainian the main language
of the media. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">W</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">e
know that there are areas where <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/08/ukraine-russia-language-putin/" target="_blank">Ukrainian</a> is </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">pr</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">e</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">do</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">min</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">ant</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">ly
spoken, mostly in the west. Areas like Crimea and Donbass use mainly
Russian. Cities like </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="zxx">Kyiv</span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
and Kharkiv used to be Russian-speaking areas, but now, the use of
Ukrainian is growing. The situation is less clear in other parts of
the country, although </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">there
is a tendency to speak more in</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
Ukrainian. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
use </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">of
a </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">m</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">ix
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">o</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">f
Russian </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">and
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Ukrainian
known as </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="zxx"><b>Surzhyk</b></span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">
is very com</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">mo</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">n. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">But
the reaction of Ukrainians to the invasion confirms something that
some reports were already
stating: native language in
Ukraine does not define loyalty. Most
of Russian- speaking
Ukrainians who know little or not Ukrainian, are not supporting this
war
and see Russian army as an invader. Many of them also supported
policies favourable to
the
use of Ukrainian in the state
and society. Current president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky is a
good example. He is a native Russian speaker, who learned Ukrainian
during his school days,
but still he has supported
some pro-Ukrainian language
policies.
</span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In
my opinion, nothing can
justify a military operation like this one conducted
by Russia over Ukraine. There are complex issues between both
countries and probably they
will not be solved in the short term, but a war can just make things
much worse. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When
languages are used
as a valid reason to start a war, there
are actually interests in
other issues, probably so obscure
that they need to conceal
them. Russia
claims that
they are defending
the rights of Russian speakers in Ukraine, who are subjected to
discrimination.
I read some reports
describing cases of discrimination against Ukrainian speakers in
Donbass. It is possible that in a country with
more than 48 million
inhabitants, we can find
some cases of discrimination, but the
reaction of Ukrainians, including those who are Russian speakers,
shows
that they do not feel liberated by the
Russian army
but invaded and attacked by a foreign
army. I have contact with people in Ukraine who only
speak Russian and I can see
their reaction to this conflict. Confirming anything that
happens
in Donbass is much more
difficult. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">One
of the point
that catches my attention is that when there are discussions
about
Crimea on
social media,
most of the conversations
are about
the situation of the majority
Russian- speakers living
there, and if they
feel better now
under Russian rule or not. But no one is talking
about the situation of the indigenous people of Crimea, the Crimean
Tatars. Do they feel safer now under Russian rule or do they prefer
to live in Ukraine? I met here some
ethnic Crimean Tatars and
they see themselves as citizens of Ukraine. Does
anyone remember <b>Jamala, </b>a
Ukrainian singer who won
the Eurovision song contest in 2016
representing
Ukraine? She is an ethnic
Crimean Tatar.
</span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In
summary,
what I have described
here are some key points in history when languages have been part of
the conflict that today affects
the land of my ancestors. I
am writing only about languages, specially Russian and Ukrainian,
which are the protagonists of
this story. What I write here
is far from being the full story, which is much more complex, and
I doubt it can be explained in few minutes. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">One
of the main victims of
a war is truth
itself.
If we try to find out what is going on between Russia and Ukraine,
very likely we would be bombarded by tons of pieces of propaganda and
biased information. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">My
wish is the ceasefire between
both parts, the
withdrawal of Russian troops
and peace.
In a peaceful
environment will be easier
to find
a fair solution
to all conflicts.</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p> </p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-27951073445483497292022-03-05T20:09:00.003-08:002022-03-05T20:09:34.212-08:00Ucrania y la Guerra de las Lenguas<p><br /></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>La
invasión rusa a Ucrania ha sido el tema principal en los medios
internacionales. Esto es algo que realmente me conmueve ya que la
familia de mi padre es ucraniana. Pero mi preocupación no son sólo
mis </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span>familiares
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span>en
Ucrania, sino muchas personas que conozco que están allí. Ver un
lugar donde vivía mi familia y que un día visité, sufriendo el
bombardeo de un ejército extranjero, es algo que</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="es-VE">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span><span lang="es-VE">me
entristece</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span>.</span></span></span></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pero
entre todas las noticias y artículos que informan y analizan la
invasión, encontré uno escrito en catalán por Miquel Cabal
Guarro: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><b><a href="https://www.ara.cat/opinio/ucraina-russia-llengues-lletres-tensio-miquel-cabal-guarro_129_4287371.html" target="_blank">Ucraïna : guerra de llengües</a></b></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Ucrania:
Guerra de las Lenguas).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aunque el artículo habla muy brevemente sobre el problema de idioma
en Ucrania, destaca el factor lingüístico en este conflicto. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ambos
idiomas, ruso y ucraniano han sido los principales protagonistas de
la <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank">historia </a></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lingüístic</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Languages" target="_blank">
Ucrania</a>. Durante el imperio ruso, el ruso era el idioma principal y
el único idioma en la administración pública y las escuelas. La
parte de Ucrania bajo el imperio austro-húngaro (Ucrania occidental
principalmente) tuvo la oportunidad de utilizar oficialmente el
ucraniano. Después de la revolución rusa y bajo el dominio
soviético, el ruso seguía siendo el principal idioma vehicular en
uso, mientras que la situación del ucraniano cambió a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lo
largo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de diferentes políticas, desde momentos en que se utilizó
ampliamente hasta algún otro momento en que fue prohibido. El
ucraniano se hizo oficial en 1989 y fue confirmado como el único
idioma oficial en 1996. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>En
2012, se aprobó una ley que otorga a las autoridades locales el
poder de otorgar estatus oficial a las lenguas minoritarias, <span lang="es-VE">siempre
</span>que al menos el 10% de los residentes locales <span lang="es-VE">s</span><span lang="es-VE">ea</span><span lang="es-VE">n</span>
hablantes nativos, manteniendo el ucraniano como el principal idioma
oficial del país. Fue apoyado por partidos políticos ucranianos
pro-Rusia, mientras que los nacionalistas ucranianos y partidos
pro-Occidentales se opusieron. Esta ley fue revocada en 2014. Unos
días más tarde, Crimea fue anexionada por Rusia y comenzó la
guerra en Donbass. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">El
16 de enero se implementó <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/19/new-language-requirement-raises-concerns-ukraine" target="_blank">una nueva ley</a> donde todos los medios de
comunicación impresos en Ucrania están obligados a publicar en
ucraniano. Aquellos que publican en idiomas minoritarios deben
publicar el mismo contenido en ucraniano (las lenguas oficiales de la
UE están exentas, pero curiosamente no </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ruso). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La
situación lingüística de <a href="https://hromadske.ua/posts/ridnoyu-ukrayinsku-movu-vvazhayut-73-ukrayinciv-odnak-spilkuyutsya-neyu-lishe-53-doslidzhennya" target="_blank">Ucrania</a> también es muy compleja. Los
últimos números muestran que el 53% de la población de este país
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">habla</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ucraniano en casa, mientras que el 29% habla ruso. El resto de la
población utiliza una mezcla de ambos idiomas o un tercer idioma. El
73% de la población considera el ucraniano como su lengua materna.
La mayor </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">parte
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
la población favorece políticas que hacen del ucraniano el idioma
principal de los medios de comunicación. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sabemos
que hay zonas en las que se <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/08/ukraine-russia-language-putin/" target="_blank">habla </a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/08/ukraine-russia-language-putin/" target="_blank">principalmente
en </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/08/ukraine-russia-language-putin/" target="_blank">ucraniano</a>,
sobre todo en el oeste. Zonas como Crimea y Donbass utilizan
principalmente el ruso. Ciudades como Kiev y Járkov solían ser
áreas de habla rusa, pero ahora, el uso del ucraniano está
creciendo. La situación es menos clara en otras partes del país,
aunque hay una tendencia a hablar más en ucraniano. El uso de una
mezcla de ruso y ucraniano conocida como </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Surzhyk</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
es muy común. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>Pero
la reacción de los ucranianos a la invasión confirma algo que
algunos informes ya estaban afirmando, y es que la lengua materna en
Ucrania no define la lealtad. La mayoría de los ucranianos de habla
rusa que saben poco o no saben ucraniano, no están apoyando esta
invasión y ven al ejército ruso como un invasor. Muchos de ellos
también apoyaron políticas <span lang="es-VE">favorables al uso del
ucraniano </span>en la sociedad. El actual presidente de Ucrania,
Volodymyr Zelensky, es un buen ejemplo. Es un hablante nativo de
ruso, que aprendió ucraniano <span lang="es-VE">durante sus
estudios, </span>pero aún así ha apoyado algunas de las políticas
<span lang="es-VE">que favorecen a la lengua ucraniana. </span> </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>En
mi opinión, nada puede justificar una operación militar como esta
llevada a cabo por Rusia sobre Ucrania. Hay cuestiones complejas
entre ambos países y probablemente no se resolverán a corto plazo,
pero una guerra puede empeorar las cosas. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>Cuando
alguien usar los idiomas como una razón válida para iniciar una
guerra, en realidad tiene<span lang="es-VE"> </span><span lang="es-VE">otros
</span>intereses, probablemente tan oscuros que necesitan ocultarlos.
Rusia afirma que está defendiendo los derechos de los rusoparlantes
en Ucrania, que son objeto de discriminación. He leído algunos
informes que describen casos de discriminación contra hablantes<span lang="es-VE">
</span><span lang="es-VE">de</span><span lang="es-VE"> </span>ucraniano
en Donbass. Es posible que en un país con más de 48 millones de
habitantes, podamos encontrar algunos casos de discriminación, pero
la reacción de los ucranianos, incluidos los que son de habla rusa,
demuestra que no se sienten liberados por el ejército ruso, sino
invadidos y atacados por un ejército extranjero. Tengo contacto con
personas en Ucrania que sólo hablan ruso y puedo ver su reacción a
este conflicto. Confirmar cualquier cosa que suceda en Donbass es
mucho más difícil. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Uno
de los puntos que me llama la atención es que cuando en las redes
sociales hay debates sobre Crimea, la mayoría de las conversaciones
giran en torno a la situación de la mayoría de los rusoparlantes
que viven allí, y si se sienten mejor ahora bajo el gobierno ruso o
no. Pero nadie habla de la situación de los indígenas de Crimea,
los tártaros de Crimea. ¿Se sienten más seguros ahora bajo el
gobierno ruso o prefieren vivir en Ucrania? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">He
conocido </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aquí
a algunos tártaros de Crimea y se ven a sí mismos como ciudadanos
de Ucrania. ¿Alguien recuerda a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Jamala,
</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">una
cantante ucraniano que ganó el concurso Eurovisión en 2016 en
representación de Ucrania? </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="es-VE"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lla
pertenece a la </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">etnia
tártara de Crimea. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>En
resumen, lo que describí aquí son algunos puntos clave de la
historia en los que los idiomas han formado parte del conflicto que
hoy afecta a la tierra de mis antepasados. Estoy escribiendo sólo
sobre los idiomas, especialmente el ruso y el ucraniano,
protagonistas de esta historia. Lo que escribo aquí está lejos de
ser la historia completa, que es mucho más compleja, y dudo que
pueda explicarse en pocos minutos. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span>Una
de las principales víctimas de una guerra es la verdad misma. Si
tratamos de averiguar qué está pasando entre Rusia y Ucrania, es
muy probable que seamos bombardeados por toneladas de propaganda e
información sesgada. </span></span>
</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Deseo
que cesen las hostilidades, que se retiren las tropas rusas y que
prevalezca la paz. En un entorno pacífico será más fácil
encontrar una solución justa a todos los conflictos.</span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-14895569492018397892021-12-30T21:47:00.000-08:002021-12-30T21:47:04.350-08:00Happy New Year!<p> </p><p align="left" lang="eo" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="en-CA">My
Best Wishes to all my family and friends for the New Year 2022.
Wishing everybody a Happy New Year, Good Health and Success in all
your projects! May </span><span lang="en-CA">all </span><span lang="en-CA">your
best </span><span lang="en-CA">wishes </span><span lang="en-CA">come
true! </span></b></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mes
meilleurs vœux à toute ma famille et mes amis pour la nouvelle
année 2022. Je vous souhaite une Heureuse année, bonne santé et
prospérité. Que tous vos plus beaux rêves se réalisent ! </b></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mis
mejores deseos a mis familiares y amigos por un feliz año nuevo
2022. Les deseo a todos un año venturoso, buena salud y prosperidad.
¡Que todos sus sueños más bonitos se conviertan en realidad!</b></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="es-VE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Miajn
plej bonajn dezirojn al mia familio kaj al ĉiuj miaj geamikoj por la
novjaro 2022. Mi deziras al ĉiuj feliĉon, sanon kaj sukcesojn!</b></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="it-IT" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>I
miei migliori auguri <span lang="en-CA">di</span> un felice anno
nuovo a tutta <span lang="en-CA">la </span>mia famiglia e a tutti <span lang="en-CA">i
</span>miei amici. Auguro sinceramente che i tuoi migliori sogni
possano realizzarsi! </b></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="it-IT" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="it-IT" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="it-IT" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="uk-UA">Веселих
свят та щасливого нового року 2022. Бажаю
вам щастя, здоров’я та успіхів!</span> </b></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="it-IT" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="it-IT" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ru-RU" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>С
новым годом. Желаю вам счастья, здоровья
и успехов!</b></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="ru-RU" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ru-RU" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ka-GE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>გილოცავთ
ახალ 2022 წელს! <span lang="is-IS">Gleðilegt nýtt
ár! </span></b></span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ka-GE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ka-GE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="ka-GE" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="hi-IN"><b>سال
نو میلادی خجسته باد </b></span></span></span>
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-74728223351396308082021-10-24T10:39:00.002-07:002021-10-24T10:39:37.028-07:00Luksemburgio kaj la Angla lingvo<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lastatempe,
mi legis artikolon en la novaĵo pri propozicio en Luksemburgio, kie
ili petis ke la <a href="https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/make-english-an-official-language-in-luxembourg-petition-urges-6152f5e7de135b9236691c34" target="_blank">angla fariĝu oficia</a></span><a href="https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/make-english-an-official-language-in-luxembourg-petition-urges-6152f5e7de135b9236691c34" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">lan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
lingvo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">n</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
de la lando</span><span lang="en-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ĉi tiu ne estas la unua fojo kie ili provas oficialigi la anglan. En
2019, simila propono ne kolektis sufiĉe da subskriboj por esti
diskutita en la parlamento.</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">La
Grandduklando de Luksemburgio jam havas 3 oficialajn lingvojn: La
franca, la germana kaj la </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">luksemburg</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">i</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">a.
La angla estas nun pli vaste uzata kaj jam estas la ĉefa lingvo en
la banka sektoro. Kiuj proponas oficialigi la anglan, opinias ke ĝi
helpos la landon </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">allogi
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">pli da
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">kleraj
en</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">migr</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">i</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">ntoj
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">kiuj ne
parolas la francan aŭ la germanan. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
</span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ĉirkaŭ 54% de la loĝantaro parolas
la luksemburgian, ankaŭ konita kiel <span lang="lb-LU"><i><b>Lëtzebuergesch</b></i></span><span lang="lb-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span><span lang="lb-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">kiel
sian denaskan lingvon</span></span></span><span lang="lb-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span><span lang="lb-LU"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se
pli ol 45% parolas alian lingvon </span></span></span>denaske, oni
povas imagi kiel multlingva estas ĉi tiu lando. </span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">La
<a href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">le</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo"><a href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">r</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo"><a href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">neja
sistemo</a> de la lando emfazas en l</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">i</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">ngv</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">o</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">j</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">Malsimile
ol aliaj </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">plur</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">lingvaj
landoj, kie la gepatroj elektas la lingvo</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
de edukado de </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">siaj
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">infanoj,
en Luksemburgio ĉuij devas lerni ĉi</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">u</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">j</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
oficialaj</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
lingvoj</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">.
En infanĝardeno, la infanoj lernas en iliaj denaska lingvo, sed la
germana estas la lingvo de alfabetigo. Dum bazlernejo, ili komencas
lerni la francan </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">e</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
la dua jaro. En mezlernejo, la instruado estas en la germana kaj la
franca, kaj la lernantoj komencas lerni la anglan. Kiam ili finas
mezlernejo</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">,
ili povas paroli luksemburgian, germanan, francan kaj anglan.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">Se la
studentoj decidas resti </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">en</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">la lando
kaj studi </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">ĉe
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">la
</span></span><a href="https://wwwen.uni.lu/university" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">Universit</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">ato
de</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">
Lu</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">ks</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">emburg</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">io</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">,
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">eble ili
uz</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">o</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="eo">s
la anglan, la germanan kaj la francan</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA">. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Laŭ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">la <a href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/languages/languages-spoken-luxembourg.html" target="_blank">leĝo de la 24-a</a> de februaro 1984 pri la lingvouzo en Luksemburgio,
la luksemburgia, la franca kaj la germana povas esti uzataj kiel
registaraj lingvoj.
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Se civitano demandas ion
en unu el la oficialaj lingvoj, la administracio devas laŭeble
respondi en la sama lingvo. La luksemburgia estas la nacia lingvo de
la <a href="https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">Grandduklando</a>, kaj estas la </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">lingvo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
parolata en la parlamento, sed la s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">k</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">riba
lingvo de la leĝoj estas la franca.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA"> </span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">En la <a href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/a-propos-des-langues-au-luxembourg/a-propos-des-langues-en.pdf" target="_blank">amaskomunikiloj</a>, la gazetaro
estas ĉefe en la germana. Sed la luksemburgia estas la lingvo de
radio kaj televido. Ekzistas kelkaj franclingvaj gazetoj kaj revuoj.
Proksimume 15% de la loĝantaro estas portugala. Ekzistas semajna
magazino en la portugala.
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">La uzo de la angla kiel
laborlingvo oftiĝas en la sektoroj de la banka</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">do</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">,
turi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">mo
kaj ĉiu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">j, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">kiu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
dungas </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">fr</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">mdu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">lojn.
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanaloj de radio kaj televido
en la angla estas ofte aŭsk</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ataj
kaj spektataj. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ĉu
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">estas bona ideo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">fari la angla</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
oficiala lingvo de ĉi tiu plurlingva lando? Laŭ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">mi,
ili ne</span><span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">bezonas
fari tion. La angla jam havas longan historion kiel </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">lingvon
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">uzata</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">sen leĝa subteno (ĝi ne estas</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
oficiala lingvo </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">en Britio aŭ
en Usono)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">La
angla jam estas grava lingvo en Luksemburgio kaj mi ne scias kiel
oficialigi ĝin ŝanĝos la kulturon. La lerneja sistemo de la lando
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">uzas </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ĝi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
kaj la studentoj jam parolas la lingvo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
kiam ili finas mezlernejon.</span></p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Luksemburgio
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">havas </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">unu
el la plej</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">mal</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">alta</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">nivelo de <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/268830/unemployment-rate-in-eu-countries/" target="_blank">senlaboreco</a> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
la EU
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-CA"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Se la labormerkato
bezonas dungi labor</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ist</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ojn
kiuj</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
parolas la anglan, ili </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">f</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">aros
tion </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">se</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">pende
de ĉu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> la angla estas oficiala
lingvo aŭ n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">e. </span></span>
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p>
<p align="left" lang="eo" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4873729765951207188.post-13187462113090118832021-10-22T12:05:00.002-07:002021-10-22T12:05:54.651-07:00Luxembourg et la Langue anglaise<p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">J'ai</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">récemment
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">lu
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">j</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ou</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">rnaux
q</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">u’une
proposition publique a été lancée </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">au
Luxembourg </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">où
ils ont </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">demand</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">é
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">que <a href="https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/make-english-an-official-language-in-luxembourg-petition-urges-6152f5e7de135b9236691c34" target="_blank">l'Anglais soit ajouté comme langue officielle</a> du pays.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Ce n'est pas la première fois qui est lancée une</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">demande
de ce type. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">E</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n
2019, une proposition similaire n'a pas obtenu </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">suffisamment
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
signatures pour être discuté</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
au Parlement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
Grand Duché de Luxembourg, a déjà 3 langues officielles :
Français, allemand et luxembourgeois. L'Anglais </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">de
plus en plus populaire, et </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">il
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
déjà la langue principale utilisée dans le secteur financier, une
industrie clé </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ans</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
ce petit pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">es
pétitionnaires croient qu'ajouter l'Anglais attirera </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">plus
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">talent
pour immigrer et intégrer dans ce pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Environ
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">54%
de la population parle</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">luxembourgeois,
aussi connu comme </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Lëtzebuergesch</span></span></b></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
comme sa langue maternelle. Avec plus de 45% de la population</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">parlant
une autre langue comme langue maternelle, o</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">eut
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">se
f</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">air</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
une idée de la réalité multiculturelle de ce pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
système éducatif du pays <a href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">met l'accent sur les langues</a>.
Contrairement à d'autres pays multilingues où les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">re</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nt</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
choisissent la langue d'éducation de leurs</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ant</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
au Luxembourg tout le monde doit apprendre toutes les langues
officielles. À l'école </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">préscolaire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
les enfants apprennent dans leur langue maternelle, mais la langue de
l'alphabétisation est l'allemand. Pendant </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
2</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
anné</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
l'éducation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">primaire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
ils commencent à apprendre</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">français.
Dans l'école secondaire, les élèves étudient déjà leurs
différentes matières en allemand et en français et commencent à
apprendre l'anglais. Pendant les dernières années de l'école
secondaire, ils ont la possibilité de commencer à apprendre une
autre langue.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">À
la fin de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'école
secondaire, ils </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">peuvent
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">communiquer
au moins en luxembourgeois, en français, en allemand et en anglais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Selon la Loi du 24 février 1984 sur le régime des langues, « </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">En
matière administrative, contentieuse ou non contentieuse, et en
matière judiciaire, il peut être fait usage des langues française,
allemande ou luxembourgeoise, sans préjudices des dispositions
spéciales concernant certaines matières</span></span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> ».
Tout citoyen peut s'adresser à l'administration publique dans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
langue officielle de son </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ch</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">oix
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">et
doit recevoir une réponse dans la même langue. Le luxembourgeois
est la langue nationale du Luxembourg, et est la langue parlée par
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">es
politiciens</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
tandis que le français est la langue écrite de la législation.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">C’</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
intéressant de voir que les interventions régulières au Parlement
et à l'Exécutif sont en luxembourgeois, mais elles sont
instantanément transcrites en français.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">'allemand
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
l</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
langue </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">pré</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">féré
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ans
la <a href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/a-propos-des-langues-au-luxembourg/a-propos-des-langues-en.pdf" target="_blank">presse</a> écrite. <a href="https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">L</a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><a href="https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/luxembourg.htm" target="_blank">e
luxembourgeois</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">est
la lan</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ue
utilisée </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">comme
langue parlée à la télévision et à la radio. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">e
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">français
e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">st
aussi utilisé </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
la presse écrite.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Je
fais ici </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">une
mention</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">particulière
de l’existence d’un hebdomadaire en </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">portugais,
la langue principale des immigrants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L’anglais
est devenu </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
langue </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">la
plus utilisée dans la finance, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">le
tourisme et de d'autres</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">secteurs</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qui
emploient des travailleurs étrangers. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Des
chaînes de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">télévision
et radio </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">qu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">diffusant
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">en
Anglais, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">sont
déjà très populaires. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Mais,
est-ce une bonne idée de faire de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
une langue officielle de ce pays multiculturel et multilingue ? À
mon avis, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">c’est
ne pas nécessaire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Cette
langue </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
déjà une longue histoire d'être utilisé sans aucun soutien
officiel (l’</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">anglais
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n'est
pas officiel au Royaume-Uni ou aux </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">É</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">tats-Unis).
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">L’anglais
est déjà très importante </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">dans
la société </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">u</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
Luxembourg. Le système </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">d’</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">éducati</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">on</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
s'assure que les étudiants </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">aient
un </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">connaiss</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ce
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">suffisa</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nte
de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'Anglais
lorsqu'ils commencent</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">des
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">tudes
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">post-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">econdaire</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Luxembourg
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a
déjà un <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/268830/unemployment-rate-in-eu-countries/" target="_blank">taux de chômage</a> inférieur (5,7%) à la moyenne de la zone
euro ou de l'UE en général</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.
</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Si
le marché de travail </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">demande
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">des
travailleurs qualifiés qui parlent </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
ils seront</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">embauchés</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">,
sans importer si </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">l'</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">nglais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">oi</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-CA"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="fr-FR"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">
officiel ou non.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>
<p align="left" lang="en-CA" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</p>Yury Jakymechttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01430439030607010996noreply@blogger.com0